Analysis of the closure of 'Durham FM', the UK city's only local radio station, echoing the 1973 closure of 'BBC Radio Durham', written by Grant Goddard in August 2009 for Grant Goddard: Radio Blog.

1. DURHAM LOSES ITS ONLY
LOCAL RADIO STATION, JUST
AS IT DID 36 YEARS AGO
by
GRANT GODDARD
www.grantgoddard.co.uk
August 2009

2. "Durham must be unique in Britain in that it once had its own local radio station and
then had it taken away. 'BBC Radio Durham' closed down in 1973 when the BBC, then
limited to just twenty local radio services around the country moved the station in its
entirety to Carlisle. It was reasoned that Durham could be adequately served from the
north by 'Radio Newcastle' and from the south by the then 'Radio Teesside'. The same
arguments can be heard today when, despite the proliferation of electronic media over
the past thirty years, all the mass media serving the Durham area are based on
Tyneside, on Teesside, in Darlington or in London. Our research and consultations
confirm an almost universal desire for Durham to have its own radio station – for
Durham and from Durham."
These words are taken from the winning licence application submitted to Ofcom by The Local
Radio Company plc in January 2005 for the new Durham FM licence. The application
continued:
"There is an unduly low level of contact between the City of Durham and the many
towns and villages which surround it. Those representing the towns and villages in the
Districts away from the City also point to a reluctance to travel between those towns
and villages. Local people feel marginalised by the existing media. When most local
news and information comes from media dominated by out-of-area conurbations is it
surprising that local awareness and pride starts to suffer? We see this as a major
opportunity for 'Durham FM' to provide an entertaining and informative local radio
service which will have wide appeal…..
'Durham FM' will broaden the range of local commercial radio services by offering the
only programming to focus exclusively on Durham City and the surrounding districts. In
addition to the full range of national services, the proposed TSA is served by local
radio stations based around Tyneside and Teesside. From the BBC there are 'BBC
Radio Newcastle' and 'BBC Radio Cleveland', while from commercial radio 'Metro
Radio', 'Magic 1152', 'Century FM' and 'Galaxy 105-106' all broadcast from Tyneside
with 'TFM' and 'Magic 1170' having their studios in Stockton-on-Tees…..
Only 8% of total news time on 'Metro Radio' was devoted to stories drawn from the
proposed Durham FM editorial area…. With slightly more time devoted to news
bulletins than on 'Metro', local news [on 'Magic 1152'] about the Durham area featured
a little more frequently, but still only 10% of news bulletin time was devoted to material
directly relevant to the 'Durham FM' TSA…. [On 'Century FM'] our independent
monitoring agency failed to identify a single reference to anywhere within the proposed
'Durham FM' TSA…. There was no locally relevant news [on 'Galaxy FM'] for the
'Durham FM' area….
'Durham FM' will focus entirely on Durham and the districts surrounding it. Our
programmes will be locally produced and presented from studios in Durham by
people who know and understand the area. This independent monitoring of the
existing services shows that no other ILR station in the area provides anything
approaching the level of relevant local news and information which are demanded by
the local population and will be offered by 'Durham FM'. During the period monitored
very few local news stories were included and there were very few locally relevant
programme items on any of the four ILR services. 'Durham FM' will become
established as the only dependable, independent and up-to-the-minute source
of information about what’s happening in the towns and villages of the Durham
area….
Local material is vitally important to the success of 'Durham FM'. Our detailed
quantitative research, detailed later in this application, confirms that a gap exists in the
Durham radio market for a greater quantity of Durham city and county news and local
information. Whether expressed in terms of speech items that listeners would like to
hear or those that they consider 'essential' listening it is local Durham and North East
regional news, along with local weather forecasts and traffic and travel news for the
Durham county area, that head the list of requirements….
Durham Loses Its Only Local Radio Station, Just As It Did 36 Years Ago page 2
©2009 Grant Goddard

3. All programmes on 'Durham FM' will be locally produced and presented with the
exception of a nationally networked chart show during three hours on a Sunday
afternoon/evening and one late night ‘phone-in of three hours duration each week. A
limited further amount of appropriate network programming may be added outside
weekday daytime once our local audience is established, after the second year on-air,
but a minimum of 18 hours per day will always be locally produced and presented."
Following up this written application, Ofcom asked The Local Radio Company explicitly:
"Are there any cost-saving sharing of resources planned arising from 'Durham FM’s
close geographical proximity to both 'Alpha 103.2' and 'Sun FM?'"
The written answer from The Local Radio Company was:
"It is our intention to operate 'Durham FM' as a separate radio station with its own
facilities, staff and objectives."
At its meeting on 7 April 2005, Ofcom’s Radio Licensing Committee [RLC] considered three
competing applications for the new Durham FM licence and decided to award it to The Local
Radio Company. Ofcom explained that this decision was made because:
"…the speech commitments contained in Durham FM’s Format (such as a seven-day
local news service) would improve Durham-specific news and information provision in
the area, and that the overall programming proposals contained in the Format were
both deliverable and would cater for local tastes and interests, as demonstrated by the
group’s research. The RLC considered that, in relation to Section 314 of the
Communications Act 2003, Durham FM’s programming proposals contained a suitable
proportion of local material and locally-made programmes. The station will offer
locally-made output for 18 hours per day, and the Format includes commitments to
delivering a range of local material. The Committee noted that, after two years on air,
the station’s Format gives it the ability to air networked programming at off-peak times,
if it so chooses." [emphasis added]
end Year 1 end Year 2 end Year 3
projected reach (%) 21 25 28
projected average hours/week 9.0 9.5 10.0
projected total hours/week ('000) 352.8 438.2 529.9
actual reach (%) 11 12 16
actual average hours/week 8.2 5.8 4.5
actual total hours/week ('000) 218.1 173.9 139.9
actual v projected total hours/wk -38% -60% -74%
DURHAM FM (ACTUAL VERSUS FORECASTS)
'Durham FM' launched on 5 December 2005. The station failed to come anywhere close to the
audience forecasts made in its licence application [see table]. A radio station’s revenues are
closely proportionate to the total hours listened to it. On that assumption, 'Durham FM' must
have been around 74% below its revenue target for Year Three – a catastrophic performance
for a business that is operated on largely fixed costs. So how come The Local Radio
Company’s forecasts in its licence application were so wildly optimistic? The application had
said:
"We have no doubt that these audience projections are realistic and achievable in the
light of our experience of comparable services throughout Britain…. We have every
confidence that 'Durham FM’s locally focussed programming, backed by a significant
launch budget, will establish a substantial audience within a relatively short period of
time."
Durham Loses Its Only Local Radio Station, Just As It Did 36 Years Ago page 3
©2009 Grant Goddard

4. And how come Ofcom was so confident that the Local Radio Company could meet these
targets? Ofcom said:
"'Durham FM’s audience and revenue forecasts were considered to be achievable,
and in this context RLC members noted the excellent ratings performance and track
record of both 'Sun' and 'Alpha' in nearby areas which have a line-up of competitor
stations very similar to that which the new Durham service will face."
So just how “excellent” were the performances of the neighbouring 'Sun' and 'Alpha' stations
owned by the same applicant?
TOTAL HOURS LISTENED PER WEEK ('000)
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1999Q2
1999Q4
2000Q2
2000Q4
2001Q2
2001Q4
2002Q2
2002Q4
2003Q2
2003Q4
2004Q2
2004Q4
2005Q2
2005Q4
2006Q2
2006Q4
2007Q2
2007Q4
2008Q2
2008Q4
Sun FM Alpha FM Durham FM Durham FM forecast
When Ofcom’s Radio Licensing Committee met in April 2005 to consider the Durham licence,
it was becoming evident that 'Sun' and 'Alpha' were losing listening at an alarming rate, both
stations having peaked in 2002 under previous owner Radio Investments Ltd. Similar audience
losses were experienced across most stations owned by The Local Radio Company, following
its disastrous decision in 2004 to homogenise the branding and content of its portfolio under
the slogan “music:fun:life”. Essentially, the group sucked the quirky ‘localness’ out of its local
stations and, unsurprisingly, listeners subsequently turned off in droves.
The end result? 'Durham FM' presently has a 4.0% share of listening in its local market of
201,100 adults. By comparison, 'Galaxy' has a 9.5% share, 'Magic' 6.4%, 'Century/Real' 6.5%
and 'Smooth' 4.8%. 'Metro FM' and 'TFM' together probably take 7.5% ('Durham FM' chooses
not to itemise these two stations in its RAJAR report). BBC local radio takes a significant 8.8%
share, even though Durham is only on the periphery of both 'BBC Radio Newcastle' and 'BBC
Radio Tees'. [source: RAJAR Q1 2009]
In December 2008, The Local Radio Company submitted an application to Ofcom to move
'Durham FM’s studios to Sunderland, effectively closing the Durham location, but continuing to
provide ‘local’ programmes for Durham from 'Sun FM' in Sunderland. It argued that “the losses
for Durham FM are significant”, the details of which had “been provided, in confidence, to
Ofcom”. It argued that “this co-location will allow the station to build its audience on a more
stable and secure financial basis” because “it has a poor financial history” and that “the
proposals will be imperceptible to listeners in the local market place”.
At its meeting on 23 February 2009, following a five-week public consultation, Ofcom’s Radio
Licensing Committee refused this request to move 'Durham FM' to Sunderland because it
decided that “the case for the existence of exceptional circumstances had not been made”.
However, Ofcom did suggest that it could reconsider this request “later in the year” following
publication of the Digital Britain final report. Interestingly, Ofcom noted that a previously
Durham Loses Its Only Local Radio Station, Just As It Did 36 Years Ago page 4
©2009 Grant Goddard

5. approved request in March 2008 to allow the Durham station to share programming with 'Alpha
FM' in Darlington “has been scrapped by the licensee [so as] to secure all-local programming
output on 'Durham FM'”.
With an immediate move to Sunderland now off the agenda, The Local Radio Company
moved on to Plan B. Next, it applied to Ofcom to effectively merge the output of 'Durham FM'
and 'Alpha' in Darlington into one station to be called 'Alpha'. So what would remain of the
promised local programming for Durham? “Weekday breakfast programming and four-hour
daytime shows on Saturday and Sunday will remain separately and locally produced in
Durham….”, said the application. “At all other times, local programming will originate from
Darlington”. Boldly, the application argued that “the character of the [radio] services will remain
substantially unchanged” and “the essentially local nature of the [radio] services will remain”.
Suddenly, Durham and Darlington were to become a single local radio market:
"We believe there is considerable editorial justification in combining much of the local
programming of 'Durham FM' and Alpha, and in originating the shared programmes
from Darlington. Until 1997, when it became a unitary authority, Darlington was part of
County Durham and still very much leans culturally towards the county. Equally, for
listeners and advertisers in the county, the attraction of a local radio service focusing
on Durham is greatest for those more remote from the Tyneside conurbation,
particularly those in the towns nearer to Darlington. The general public, listeners and
advertisers are accustomed to the County Durham local press being substantially
based in Darlington."
Am I the only one who finds this line of argument totally unbelievable? Firstly, it directly
contradicts the opposite assertions made in The Local Radio Company’s application for the
licence four years earlier that Durham was not well served by other media in the region.
Secondly, the licence application had demonstrated there were few community links between
Durham and either Tyneside or Teesside. Thirdly, my personal experience is that, having lived
in Durham for seven years, I never visited Darlington (which is 19 miles away by road), though
I did go to Newcastle (16 miles) and Sunderland (13 miles) regularly. However, Ofcom barely
blinked at the contradictions and was so eager to go along with the story that it approved this
proposal without any kind of public consultation, stating:
"'Durham [FM]' has already regionalised four of those hours, and the request sets out
clearly the affinities between the two areas [Durham and Darlington]…. This is not
seen a major change to the stations’ output, and the request is granted."
So, for the second time, Durham has effectively lost its local radio station and now retains only
a local breakfast show hanging by the barest thread. I am not trying to argue that Durham
must have a local commercial radio station, regardless of how much money it might lose. But,
once again, the outcome for radio listeners in Durham seems to raise questions about the
robustness of our system of local radio licensing:
 Before advertising the Durham licence in 2004, did Ofcom properly evaluate the potential
for local radio advertising revenues in the market?
 How carefully did Ofcom scrutinise the application by The Local Radio Company, before
awarding it the licence, in order to separate the ‘spin’ from the reality?
 Did Ofcom monitor and assess the Durham station to ensure that the promises made in its
licence application were executed on the ground?
 Why is a ‘promise’ explicitly made in a radio licence application not a contractual promise?
Or are the proposals promised in an application simply disregarded by Ofcom once an
applicant has been awarded the licence?
The local station in Durham must have failed because either/and:
 It was licensed to fail – no commercial radio station could survive in too small and too poor
a local market – in which case Ofcom should never have advertised the Durham licence
 The Local Radio Company did not paint a truthful picture in its licence application of the
economics of opening a Durham station, and Ofcom did not critique it sufficiently
 The Local Radio Company’s execution of its business plan for the Durham radio station
was badly flawed.
Durham Loses Its Only Local Radio Station, Just As It Did 36 Years Ago page 5
©2009 Grant Goddard

6. In any of these cases, somebody needs to put up their hand and simply admit ‘we got it
wrong’. What galls is that both The Local Radio Company and Ofcom appear to have almost
connived to come up with a ridiculous new storyline – Durham is a lot closer to Darlington than
we realised – which simply contradicts everything that had been said previously, but
conveniently glosses over any notion that the present predicament was the result of poor
judgement.
To be fair to The Local Radio Company, its latest submission to Ofcom did reiterate:
"The present proposal to simply add two further hours of daily weekday sharing is
made in the light of the difficult financial situation facing all stations such as these.
Relevant financial information has been supplied to Ofcom in confidence."
It might engender much more respect for the parties if, instead of these economic vagaries
cloaked in confidentiality, the application to Ofcom to request deconstruction of the Durham
station had simply said:
"We screwed up as a station owner, you screwed up too as a regulator, and all we can
do now is the two of us try and salvage the situation to ensure that the citizens of
Durham can at least retain the shell of a local radio service, even if not the substance.
Between us, we recognise that all we have done is add insult to injury, repeating the
BBC’s unwarranted removal of a local radio service for Durham in 1973. Our sincere
apologies to the people of Durham. All we can hope is that, by both of us learning from
our mistakes, this travesty will not be repeated either for a third time here in Durham or
elsewhere."
What Northeast England now has in the enlarged ‘Alpha’ is the makings of yet another
regional radio station that could (if 'Sun FM' were included) cover the huge area stretching
from Tyneside down to Yorkshire. It would then become the fifth regional station in the area,
adding to 'Galaxy', 'Smooth', 'Magic' and 'Real'.
As for genuinely local radio serving the Durham area, The Local Radio Company’s licence
application already demonstrated very clearly that neither 'Metro Radio' nor 'TFM' cover
Durham editorially. This leaves Durham, whose population seriously lacks economic mobility,
back out in the local radio wilderness once again. If that isn’t public policy failure, then what is?
"Durham must be unique in Britain in that it once had its own local radio station and
then had it taken away. …."
Once is an accident, twice is a ........?
Durham Loses Its Only Local Radio Station, Just As It Did 36 Years Ago page 6
©2009 Grant Goddard

7. Durham Loses Its Only Local Radio Station, Just As It Did 36 Years Ago page 7
©2009 Grant Goddard
[First published by Grant Goddard: Radio Blog as '"Above All Else, Durham FM Will Be Local" … A Promise Is A
Comfort To A Fool', 2 August 2009.]
Grant Goddard is a media analyst / radio specialist / radio consultant with thirty years of
experience in the broadcasting industry, having held senior management and consultancy
roles within the commercial media sector in the United Kingdom, Europe and Asia. Details at
http://www.grantgoddard.co.uk