It will help out the students of Applied Linguistics....

1. Lexical Pragmatics
Gul Shair Sumalani
M.Phil English Applied Linguistics.
English Language Centre University of
Baluchistan Quetta.

2. What is Lexical Pragmatics..?
 The basic idea of lexical pragmatics was launched by
McCawley in1978.
 Lexical pragmatics investigates the mechanisms by which
linguistically-specified word meanings are modified in
use. (Wilson,2003; Carston,2002).
 Lexical Pragmatics is to account for the fact that the
concept communicated by use of a word often differs from
the concept encoded.

3. Word Narrowing in Pragmatics
 Narrowing refers to the use of a lexical item to
convey a more restricted interpretation than the
semantically encoded one. (D Wilson, R Carston 2007)
 For Example..
 I am not drinking tonight.
 Asma is a working mother.
 Nadir has beaten Asif.

4. Approximation in Pragmatics
Approximation refers to something near to
the reality.
 For example,
 That bottle is empty.
 This policy will bankrupt the formers.
 This injection will be painless.

5. Neologism in Pragmatics
 The entrance of new words and terms in language
is called Neologism.
 Neologism can be either loan words in the form of
direct loans and loans translations, or newly
coined terms, either morphologically new words
or by giving existing words a new semantic
content. (Akmajian A:2001)

6. Types of Neologism
 Coined Words. Entirely new, previously nonexistent
words, this often happens when speakers invent new
words.
For Example: To Google, Geek, Dweeb.
 Acronyms. A word formed from the initial letters of two
or more successive words.
For Example: NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

7. Conti:
 Affixation. Adding a Suffix and Prefix to a word.
For Example: Slow+ly. In+Complete.
 Blending. A word formed by joining the beginning of
one word to the end of another word.
For Example: fantastic+fabulous= Fantabulous
 Compounding. It is the process of word formation from
2 or more units that are themselves words.
For Example: Black and board, Blackboard.
Bed and room, Bedroom.

8. Conti:
 Clipping. Reductions of longer forms, usually removing
the end of the word.
For Example: Picture (pic), Advertisement (ad)
 Conversion. Changing the form class of a word.
For Example: Taste(n) to taste (v). Walk(n) to walk(v).

9. Metaphor and Pragmatics
 When we use two nouns and then compare and contrast
them to one and other.
For Example.
I am a lion.
He is a rock.
You are diamond.

10. Conti:
 A metaphor consists of two Parts.
 The Tenor and The Vehicle.
 The Tenor is the subject to which the metaphor is
applied.
 The Vehicle is the Metaphorical term through which the
tenor is applied.
 These two parts come together to reach a point of
similarity known as a Ground.

11. Conti:
 For Example;
 He is a live wire.
 Here “live wire” is vehicle, “He” is Tenor and
the “Danger” is Ground.
 It means he is as danger as the live wire, that can
expire a man within few minutes.

12. Why Pragmatics is Wastebasket.
 Pragmatics is interested in structure correctness, not in
the meaning. On the other hand Semantics is interested in
the meaning not in structure.
For Example:
I want to die in your eyes.
Pragmatics accepts the above sentence because it prefers
the structure that is the reason why pragmatics is called
Wastebasket.

13. Thanks
for Your Kind
Attention