1. Phenological Monitoring of Selected
Horticultural Fruit Tree Crops
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region
Research Centre Ranchi
Project Code: ICAR-RCER/RC Ranchi/2015
PI : Sridhar Gutam
Project duration: Sept. 2015 to August, 2020
Station IRC 2016
18-19, July 2016
2. Objectives
Standardization of phenological monitoring
methods to track tree phenology of
horticultural fruit crops.
To evaluate the response of tree phenology of
horticultural fruit crops to changing climate.
To evaluate the best management practice for
manipulation of the climate change effect on
horticultural fruit crops.
2
Station IRC 2016 18-19, July 2016
3. Selected Fruit Trees
Bael (Aegle marmelos)
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Jamun (Syzygium cumini) and
Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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4. Technical Programme (2015)
Objectives Activity Start End Output
Standardization
of phenological
monitoring
methods to track
tree phenology of
horticultural fruit
crops
Designing the experiment with the
help of published methods for
phenological monitoring of tree
species.
09/15 11/15 Standardised protocol
for data recording on
all aspects of tree
phenology
Daily recording of weather
parameters of the experiment
location.
09/15 09/20 Weather parameters
database
To evaluate the
response of tree
phenology to
changing climate
Periodic recording of phenological
observations.
12/15 12/20 Leafing, flowering and
fruiting dates of trees
Periodic testing of stem C:N ratios 12/15 12/20 Season & tree wise
C:N ratio
Perioidc ‘Ionomics’ - measurement
of the total elemental composition
of tree branches.
12/15 12/20 Tree Ionomics
Annual data analysis and
interpretation
12/15 12/20 Processed data and
Publications
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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8. Weather @ RCER Ranchi
Year Attribute
Min. Temp.
(°c)
Max. Temp.
(°c)
Precip.
(mm) Min. RH (%)
Max. RH
(%)
Solar Rad.
(wh/m2)
2015 Average 19.14 30.66 4.02 45.49 87.21 4688.36
2016 Average 20.09 32.96 3.12 36.82 83.34 5238.67
2015 Count 365 365 365 365 365 365
2016 Count 203 203 203 203 203 203
2015 Max 27.78 42.23 111.4 83.44 100 7235.77
2016 Max 27.27 42.3 92.66 79.28 100 7210.55
2015 Min 5.17 19.34 0 12.93 49.6 2139.26
2016 Min 6.35 18.03 0 6.97 29.03 2105.77
2015 StdDev 5.5 4.57 12.01 15.19 8.15 1131.73
2016 StdDev 5.58 5.32 8.95 16.29 12.55 1200.42
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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9. BBCh Scale (Extended/Modified)
BBCH-scale - to identify
the phenological development stages.
BBCH officially stands for
"Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt
und CHemische Industrie".
The abbreviation unofficially represents
Bayer, BASF, Ciba-Geigy and Hoechst.
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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Source: Wikipedia
10. BBCH scales for Plants
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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Source: Wikipedia
11. BBCH (Scale Proposed)
Growth stage Code Description
0: Sprouting/ Bud
development
00 Dormancy: leaf buds and the thicker inflorescence buds
closed and covered by dark brown scales
01 Beginning of bud swelling
03 End of bud swelling: green scales slightly separated
07 Beginning of bud burst
09 Green leaf tips visible
1: Leaf development 10 First leaves separating: green scales slightly open, leaves
emerging
11 First leaves visible
15 More leaves visible, not yet at full size
19 First leaves fully expanded
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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12. BBCH (Scale Proposed)
Growth stage Code Description
3: Shoot development 31 Beginning of shoot growth: axes of developing shoots visible
32 Shoots about 20% of final length
39 Shoots about 90% of final length
5: Inflorescence
emergence
51 Inflorescence buds swelling: buds closed, light green scales
visible
53 Bud burst: scales separated, floral tips visible
55 Flowers visible, still closed
56 Flower petals elongating; sepals covering half corolla (white
bud)
57 Sepals open: petal tips visible; flowers with white or purplish
petals, still closed
59 Most flowers with petals forming a hollow ball
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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13. BBCH (Scale Proposed)
Growth stage Code Description
6: Flowering 60 First flowers open
61 Beginning of flowering: about 10% of flowers open
62 About 20% of flowers open
63 About 30% of flowers open
64 About 40% of flowers open
65 Full flowering: 50% of flowers open; first petals falling
67 Flowers fading: majority of petals fallen
69 End of flowering: all petals fallen
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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14. BBCH (Scale Proposed)
Growth stage Code Description
7: Development of
fruit
71 Fruit set; beginning of ovary growth;
72 Green fruit surrounded by sepal crown
73 Some fruits slightly yellow: beginning of physiological fruit
drop
74 Fruits about 40% of final size. Dark green fruit: end of
physiological fruit drop
75 Fruit about half final size
76 Fruit about 60% final size
77 Fruit about 70% final size
78 Fruit about 80% final size
79 Fruits about 90% of final size
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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15. BBCH (Scale Proposed)
Growth stage Code Description
8: Maturity of fruit 81 Beginning of fruit colouring (colour-break)
83 Colouring advanced
85 Fruit ripe for picking
89 Fruit ripe for consumption: fruit have typical taste and
firmness
9: Senescence, beginning of
dormancy
91 Shoot growth complete; foliage fully green
92 Leaves begin to discolour
93 Beginning of senescence and abscission of old
leaves
95 50% of leaves discoloured
97 All leaves fallen
99 Harvested product
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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26. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)
Date Phenophases
03/09/2015 Leafing (100% Fully Developed Green Leaves), Fruiting
11/09/2015 Leafing (Emergence on Old Wood), Fruiting
21/09/2015 Leafing (100% Fully Developed Green Leaves), Fruiting
28/09/2015 Leafing (100% Fully Developed Green Leaves), Fruiting
12/01/2016 Leafing (Emergence on Old Wood)
30/03/2016 Senescence (Yellow Leaves)
25/04/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Growth Leaves), Flower Bud
05/05/2016 Leafing (100% Fully Developed New Fresh Growth Green
Leaves), Flowering
13/07/2016 Leafing (New), Leafing (100% Fully Developed New Fresh
Growth Green Leaves), Flowering, Fruit Development
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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30. Other Tree Crops
Fruit Tree Date Phenophases
Cashew 25/04/2016 Flowering, Fruiting
Plum 04/03/2016 Leafing, Flowering (100%)
30/03/2016 Leafing (100%), Fruiting (Green)
21/04/2016 Leafing (100%), Fruiting (Orange)
Citrus 08/03/2016 Flower Buds, Flower Opening
30/03/2016 Flower Buds, Flower Opening, Fertilized Ovary
Guava 01/11/2014 Flowering, Leafing (Old Leaves)
30/03/2016 Leafing (New Fresh Leaf Growth), Flower Bud
13/07/2016 Flowering, Leafing (New Leaves)
Peach 12/11/2014 Flowering
30/10/2015 Leafing
30/03/2016 Leafing (Bud), Fruiting
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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31. Other Tree Crops
Fruit Tree Date Phenophases
Pear 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves), Flowering,
Fruit Set
Pomegranate 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves)
26/05/2016 Flowering
Sapota 30/03/2016 Leafing (Fully Developed Green Leaves), Flower
Bud, Flower Opening, Fruit Set, Fruit (Development)
Teak 09/07/2016 Flowering
Bamboo 14/01/2016 Flowering (Ranchi)
03/03/2016 Flowering (Bundu)
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
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33. Technical Programme (2016)
Objectives Activity Start End Output
Standardization
of phenological
monitoring
methods to track
tree phenology of
horticultural fruit
crops
Designing the experiment with the
help of published methods for
phenological monitoring of tree
species.
09/15 11/15 Standardised protocol
for data recording on
all aspects of tree
phenology
Daily recording of weather
parameters of the experiment
location.
09/15 09/20 Weather parameters
database
To evaluate the
response of tree
phenology to
changing climate
Periodic recording of phenological
observations.
12/15 12/20 Leafing, flowering and
fruiting dates of trees
Periodic testing of stem C:N ratios 12/15 12/20 Season & tree wise
C:N ratio
Perioidc ‘Ionomics’ - measurement
of the total elemental composition
of tree branches.
12/15 12/20 Tree Ionomics
Annual data analysis and
interpretation
12/15 12/20 Processed data and
Publications
18-19, July 2016Station IRC 2016
33
34. THANK YOU
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region
Research Centre Ranchi
34
18-19, July 2016