Phenology - The Study of Nature

Phenology
The Study of Nature
Sridhar Gutam, PhD, ARS
Senior Scientist (Plant Physiology)
ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region Research Centre Ranchi
Ranchi 834010, Jharkhand
@SridharGutam I gutam2000@gmail.com

What is Phenology?
“Phenology is the study of periodic plant
and animal life cycle events and how
these are influenced by seasonal and
interannual variations in climate, as well
as habitat factors (such as elevation)”
Phenology. (2016, January 20). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 14:03, March 14, 2016,
from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenology&oldid=700778197
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Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD Centre
Ranchi University, Ranchi 834008

Why Phenology?
•Phenology helps us to understand nature.
•Leafing, Flowering and Fruiting.
•Bird migration/brooding.
•Insect Pests infestation and Plant diseases
incidence.
•Floods and frosts.
•Climate change – indicators – early spring?
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Indicator: Start of Spring
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<http://www.globalchange.gov/browse/indicators/indicator-start-spring>
2012

How the Spring is Unfolding?
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https://www.usanpn.org/data/spring

How the Spring is Unfolding?
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https://www.usanpn.org/data/spring

Phenological Events
• Phenological development
of Olive flowering, following
BBCH standard scale
(Oteros et al., 2013).
• a-50, b-51, c-54, d-57,
(<15% open flowers); f-65,
(>15% open flowers); g-67,
(<15% open flowers); h-68
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7
Oteros, J., García-Mozo, H., Vázquez, L., Mestre, A.,
Domínguez-Vilches, E., Galán, C. (2013). Modelling olive
phenological response to weather and topography.
Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 179: 62-68.

Early blooming of Cassia!
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Refresher Course Life Sciences, UGC HRD Centre, Ranchi
University
8
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_any_scientific_basis_for_the_early_blossoming_of_Cassia_fistula_of_Kerala_and_regional_climate_change

Robert Marsham - Father of Phenology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Marsham

Marsham's 27 indications of spring
Started in 1736 by Robert Marsham and continued by his family until 1958
• Snowdrop first flowering
• Wood anemone first flowering
• Hawthorn first flowering
• Turnip first flowering
• Hawthorn first leafing
• Sycamore first leafing
• Silver birch first leafing
• Elm first leafing
• Rowan first leafing
• Oak first leafing
• Beech first leafing
• Horse chestnut first leafing
• Sweet chestnut first leafing
• Hornbeam first leafing
• Ash first leafing
• Lime first leafing
• Field maple first leafing
• Swallow first seen
• Cuckoo first seen
• Nightingale first heard
• Nightjar first heard
• Song thrush first heard
• Ringdove (Woodpigeon) first seen
• Rook first nest building
• Rook young first seen
• Brimstone butterfly first seen
• Frogs and toads first heard croaking
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http://www.naturescalendar.org.uk/research/Robert_Marsham_Indications_of_Spring.htm

Phenology Projects
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11

USA National Phenology Network
https://www.usanpn.org/
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Pan European Phenology Project PEP725
http://www.pep725.eu/
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Plant-Phenological Online Database
http://www.ppodb.de/
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Project Budburst – http://budburst.org/
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Bhutan Phenology Network - HEROS
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http://www.bpn.gov.bt/web/index.php

Bhutan Phenology Network - Phenology Journal
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http://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapTour/index.html?appid=1bbc7c88e2964ab3b9bf52207a336a36

Phenology Projects in India
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18

http://www.seasonwatch.in/
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Trees Monitored under Season Watch
http://www.seasonwatch.in/details.php
• Jackfruit (Kathal)
• Indian Blackberry (Jamun)
• Pride of India (Jarul)
• Indian Gooseberry (Amla)
• Mango (Aam)
• Banyan (Bargad)
• Devil’s Tree (Saptaparni)
• Purple Bauhinia (Kaniar)
• Indian Coral Tree (Pangra)
• Flame of the Forest
(Dhak/Palash)
• Indian Laburnum (Amaltas)
• Pongam Tree/Indian Beech
(Karanj)
• Tamarind (Imli)
• Margosa (Neem)
• Flame Tree (Gulmohur)
• Red Silk Cotton Tree
(Semul)
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Season Watch - Citizen Science program
•National Centre for Biological Sciences
(NCBS) - Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research (TIFR).
•Nature Conservation Foundation (NCF) – An
NGO.
•Funded by Wipro Applying Thought in
Schools (WATIS) – Wipro.
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http://www.seasonwatch.in/dashboard.php?pageno=1

http://treecalendar.org/
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Tree Calendar – Study Species
• Albizia lebbeck
• Albizia odoratissima
• Artocarpus heterophyllus
• Artocarpus hirsutus
• Azardirachta indica
• Bauhinia purpurea
• Bombax ceiba
• Briedelia retusa
• Cassia fistula
• Dalbergia latifolia
• Delonix regia
• Ficus racemosa
• Garcinia gummi-gutta
• Hydnocarpus pentandra
• Mangifera indica
• Mimusops elengi
• Phyllanthus emblica
• Polyalthia longifolia
• Pongamia pinnata
• Pterocarpus marsupium
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Tree Calendar – Report Event
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http://treecalendar.org/index.php?item=report&view=report_form

India Biodiversity Portal
http://indiabiodiversity.org/
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“Over 11 lakh occurrence records from the Global
Biodiversity Information Facility integrated”
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Trees India
http://treesindia.indiabiodiversity.org/show
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Global Biodiversity Information Facility
http://www.gbif.org/
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India – GIBF Associate Member (2003)
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GIBF India Data http://www.gbif.org/country
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Tree phenology and hornbill breeding
http://ncf-india.org/projects/tree-phenology-and-hornbill-breeding
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Mango Phenology Monitoring System
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http://mangifera.res.in/phenology/

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34
http://mangifera.res.in/phenology/bbch.php

• Application of
extended BBCH scale
for phenological
studies in mango
(Mangifera indica L.)
• S Rajan et.al. 2011.
Journal of Applied
Horticulture, 13(2):
108-114, 2011
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University
35

Phenological Monitoring of Selected Horticultural
Fruit Tree Crops
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University
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281432470_Phenological_Monitoring_of_Selected_Horticultural_Fruit_Tree_Crops_-_Draft_Proposal

Phenology Network India - Project Proposal
https://goo.gl/KsQPTz
• Title: Phenology of Horticulture and Agroforestry Tree Species in
India
• Objectives:
• Development of standard protocol for collection and capture of phenology
data of selected horticulture and agroforestry tree species in India.
• Development of Open Access Phenology and Phenotype Data Repository for
horticultural and agroforestry tree species.
• To prepare region-wise Phenological calendar for major horticulture and
agroforestry tree species.
• Development of weather based phenology forecasting model and decision
support system for selected horticultural and agroforestry tree species
• Goal:
• To develop understanding of changes in phenological behaviour of selected
horticultural and agroforestry tree species under climate change scenario
• This project would be submitted to either of DST/DAC (Hort. Div.)/Min. of Env. and Forests/Extra Mural
Research Funding/NABARD
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Folklore and Phenology
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38

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http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/11070/1/IJTK%2010(1)%2096-101.pdf
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Vasant Panchami – First Day of Spring
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University
Wikimedia Commons/Nitin Das

Spondias pinnata (Amra) – During Shivratri
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41

Alangium salviifolium (Ankola) – Fruit Ripening
Time – Paddy Rice Sowing?
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University
42

National Cherry Blossom Festival. Washington DC.
March 20 – April 17, 2016
http://www.nationalcherryblossomfestival.org/
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University
44
Thank You

Phenology - The Study of Nature

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