1. Chapter 2. Research Process
• Introduction
• Theoretical Framework
• Research Hypotheses
Chapter 3. Research Design
• Introduction
• Nature of and Classification of design
• Developing an appropriate research design
• Experimental Research Design
2. Understand the Formulate the Business Query
Situation
thoroughly
Review concepts, theories Define
Formulate Research
Review previous processes,
Hypothesis(es) Problem
research findings
Value of Design Research Data Collection
research
information Design Sampling
Interpretation,
Implementation Data
Report,
Analysis
Recommendations
4. Preliminary Data Collection
• Review of concepts and theories
• Background Information about the
Company-Contextual Information
• Structural Information
• Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavioral
Responses
5. Background Information about the
Company-Contextual Information
• Origin and History
• Purpose and Ideology
• Location –Local, National or Other
• Resources
• Interdependent Relationship with ENV
• Financial Position
6. Structural Information
• Roles, Positions and Number of Employees
• Extent of Specialization
• Communication Channels
• Control Systems
• Coordination and Span of Control
• Reward Systems
• Workflow Systems
7. Perceptions, Attitudes, and
Behavioral Responses
• Perception : Work Environment and
Organizational Climate
• Attitudinal Factors: Work Nature,
Interdependency, Superiors, Participation,
Client System, Co-workers, Rewards,
Opportunities, Family Responsibilities etc
• Behavioral Responses: Performance and
Industriousness
8. Literature Survey
Documentation of Comprehensive Review
of Published and Unpublished work from
Secondary Sources (Books, Journals,
Newspapers, Magazines, Conference
Proceedings, Doctoral Dissertations,
Reports and Other Publications) of Data in
the Areas Specific Interest to the
Researcher.
9. Reasons of Literature Review
• Find out an Important Variable in Past
found repeatedly to have an Impact on the
Problem ( or not stated considered to be
obvious )
• Stop Redundancy of Work
• Developing Comprehensive Theoretical
Framework to Develop Hypothesis
10. Writing Literature Review
• American Psychological
Association(2001)
• Chicago Manual Style
• Turbanian Style
11. • Book by single author
Leshin, C.B. (1997). Management on the
world wide web. Englewood cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Book By more than one editor
Leshin, C.B., Wiley, B.J., & Sankar,S. (1997).
Management on the world wide web.
Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
12.
13. Doctoral Dissertation
Kiren, R.S.(1997). Medical advances aand
quality of life. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Ohaha State University
Newspaper Article
The new GM pact. (1998, July 28). Concord
Tribune. p.1.
16. • Internet Article In An Internet-Only Journal:
• Wiltshire, R. D. (2006, May 5). Changing thinking patterns
to reduce depression. Psychology For the Future, 3, Article
0012. Retrieved March 15, 2007, from http://www.
psychologyforthefuture.org/articles/art0012.html
• Internet Article In An Internet-Only Newsletter:
• Perez, A. R., Winters, S., Jackson D.B., et al. (2005, June).
Using video to increase conversion rates. Marketing News
Online (05-06). Retrieved October 15, 2006, from http://
www.marketingonline.com/newsletters/Jun05.html
• Internet Report Posted Online
• Montreal Region Task Force On Crime, Interim Report
Number Two. (2006, November). Statistics and trends in
crime. Retrieved February 12, 2007, from http://
montrealislandcrime.qc.ca
• Document On Government or University Web site
• Bank of Montreal,Business Coach Series, Developing Your
Business Plan, Retrieved August 5, 2007,from Government
of Canada, Canada Business Web site: http://
bsa.canadabusiness.ca/gol/bsa/site.nsf/en/su07140.html#a3
17. • Report From Private Organization - On Their Web Site
• Rassmussen, Inc. (2005, October 28). Knowledge Process
Outsourcing in Asia, Retrieved July 20, 2007 from http://
www.rassmussen.com/papers/kpoindia.pdf
•
Message Posted To A Newsgroup
• Frentzen, W. (2006, December 15). The money is in the list
[Msg 127]. Message posted to news://imf.internet.marketing
•
Message Posted To A Web Log (Blog)
• Gravely, S. (2007, June 12, 2007). Letter writing for small
businesses. Message posted to The Write Place Web Log,
archived at http://www.writinghelptools.com/blog/
18. Citation of Dissertation
• Wefald (2008) provides a summary of the current state of
affairs on academic measures of job engagement. Much of
this research has been done with study samples and the
focus has been on establishing the psychometric
characteristics of the measures including structure,
reliability, and associations with other job attitudes.
However, a very limited amount of work has looked at
consequences of job engagement.sharma(2009) said tht
ptproduct management……
• Refrenvces:
• Shama,p/(2009). Prodyc..
• Wefald, A. J. (2008). An examination of job engagement,
transformational leadership, and related psychological constructs.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS.
19. Citation from a Book
• Role efficacy is a developmental proactive
approach contrary to the “Role stress”
approaches (Pestonjee, 1992).
• Pestonjee, D .M. (1992) Stress and Coping:
The Indian Experience, Sage Publications,
New Delhi, India.
20. • All other institutes took them or some other foreign
institutes as a model. R&D wings did hardly think and act
on distressing issue as peer group through their training
centers too. The success of technological implication
leading to skill development front of professional
education centers to come up with industry-ready people to
drive the competitiveness. Panda(2008)
• Panda, B.P. (2008). Technology in Indian Business
Education-a skill drive for competitiveness. Proceedings of
International Conference on Business Education in Global
Economy, Adventage Education foundation, Udaipur,
India
21. How its done?
• Introduce the subject of study
• Identify the research question
• Build on the previous research to offer the
basis to get to next steps of theoretical
framework and hypotheses development
23. Problem Definition
• Define a problem as any situation where a
gap exists between the actual and desired
the ideal states
• A clear, precise, succinct statement of the
question or issue to be investigated with
goal of finding answer or solution
24. Steps in P.D.
• Analyzing the Gap
• Identifying Symptoms with Real Problems
• Identifying Antecedent, Real Problem and
Consequences
PROBLEM
ANTECEDENT CONSEQUENCES
25. Manager is facing a problem of low
productivity in the company. He
Implements Piece Rate System but it fails to
bring any change.
26. Example: Manager is facing a problem of low
productivity in the company. He Implements Piece
Rate System but it fails to bring any change.
WHY????
• Antecedent : No Appreciation at Work
• Problem: Low Morale and Motivation
• Symptoms: Absenteeism or Sabotage
• Consequences : Low Productivity
• Problem Statement:
To Study the Impact of Low Morale and Motivation
on the Productivity of the Company.
27. Article
While Chryler’s minivans, pickups, and sport
utility vehicles take a big share of the truck
market, its cars trail behind those of GM, Ford,
Honda, and Toyota. Quality problems include,
among other things, water leaks and defective
parts.
1. Define broad problem area?
2. Define problem?
3. Explain how would you proceed further?
28. Employee loyalty
Companies benefit through employee loyalty. Crude
downsizing in the organizations during the recession
crushed the loyalty of millions. The economic benefits
over loyalty, embrace lower recruitment and training
costs, higher productivity of workers, customer
satisfaction, and the boost to morale of fresh recruits. In
order that these benefits are not lost, some companies
while downsizing try various gimmicks. Flex leave, for
instance, is one. This helps employee receive 20% of
their salary, plus employee provided benefits, while they
take 6 to 12 months sabbatical, with a call option on
their services. Others try alternatives like hand holding,
more communication and the like.
29. Accounting gets radical
• The GAAP(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles)
do an unacceptable job of accounting for the principle
activities of the information age companies. Today
investors are in dark because accounting is irrelevant.
The basic purpose of accounting is to produce useful
information to help investors make rational investment,
credit, and similar decisions, but today’s most important
assets and activities-intellectual capital and work
knowledge-are totally ignored.
• Professor Robert A. Howell wants to reform the
accounting system with a goal of making measurement
of how company produce cash and create value.
30. Problem
Management Problem Research Problem
• Ask what decision maker • What information is needed
needs to do and how to be obtained
• Action oriented • Information oriented
• Focuses on symptoms • Focuses on underlying
causes
31. Example
Management Problem Research Problem
• Should a new product be • To determine consumer
introduced? preferences and purchase
intentions for the proposed
ne product
• Should the advertising • To determine effectiveness
of current advertising
campaign be changed?
campaign
• To determine the price
• Should the price of the
elasticity of demand and
brand be increased? impact on sales and profits
of various levels of price
changes
32. Do it Yourself
Research Problem State Management problem
• Evaluate the effectiveness
of alternative TV Channels
• Assess current and proposed
sales territories with respect
to their sales potential and
workload
• Determine the prices for
each item in a product line
so far as to maximize the
total sales for the product
line
33. Do it Yourself
State Research Problem Management problem
Should the in-store promotion
for an existing product line
be increased?
Should the compensation be
changed to motivate the
sales force better
35. 15 REFERNCES
1. ROLE EFFICACY
2. ENTERPRENEURSHIP-Rasik Mathur(1)
3. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
4. GLOBAL WARMING- Blessy(2)
5. RURAL INDIA-Ajit (3)
6. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE-Preeti(4)
7. WORK LIFE BALANCE-Pooja Kukreja(5)
8. Clean Energy initiative- Anchal(6)
9. Urbanization- Omal(7)
36. Sampling Errors - difference between the true
population value and its estimated sample value
Error
Nonsampling Errors
Nonresponse Errors Response Errors
Researcher Errors
Interviewer Errors
Respondent Errors
Nonsampling Errors
• arise during the course of all survey activities other than sampling
• present in both sample surveys and censuses
• difficult to assess
37. Non-response errors
• result of not having obtained sufficient answers to survey questions
• two types of non-response errors: complete and partial.
Complete non-response errors
• survey fails to measure some of the units in the selected sample.
• reasons - respondent is unavailable or temporarily absent,
respondent is unable or refuses to participate in the survey
a significant number of people do not respond to a survey
Partial non-response errors
• incomplete information obtained from the respondent
• reasons - some questions may be difficult to understand
refusal to answer some questions
38. Response errors
result from data that have been requested, provided, received or recorded
incorrectly
• occur because of inefficiencies with the questionnaire, the interviewer,
the respondent or the survey process
Researcher Errors
1. Population definition error - the difference between the actual
population relative to the issue/problem and the population as defined
by the researcher
2. Sample design error – inappropriate sampling technique
3. Questionnaire design –
structure error
language error
measurement / scale error
4. Data analysis error
5. Reporting error
6. Surrogate information error
