SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 50
Download to read offline
King Faisal University 
College of Medicine 
Block 1.1 
Hasan Radi Al-Shabaan 
214010094 
Group: 3 
Serial number: 31 
Tutor: Dr. Ahmed Ramadan
Learning Objectives 
 Definition and epidemiology of breast cancer. 
 Anatomy of the breast. 
 Signs and symptoms of breast cancer. 
 Types of breast cancer. 
 Stages of breast cancer. 
 Grades of breast cancer. 
 Methods of spread. 
 Causes of breast cancer. 
 Methods of examination. 
 Methods of screening. 
 Prevention & treatment.
Anatomy of the breast 
Shape and position: 
 conical in shape 
 It extends from the sternum 
margin to the midaxillary line 
at the level of 4th rib. 
 Vertically, it extends from 
the 2nd rib to the 6th rib 
along the midclavicular line.
Anatomy of the breast 
 Parts of the breasts: 
1- The nipple and areola 
• The nipple is a conical 
or cylindrical prominent. 
• It lies below the center 
of the breast and opposite 
of the 4th intercostal space.
 The areola: 
 Areola is a circular patch of pigmented skin surrounding 
the nipple. 
 The areola contains many sebaceous glands. 
 During pregnancy, the areola undergo some changes.
2-The breast. 
 It consists of the parenchyma, 
stroma and the overlying skin.
 The Parenchyma: 
 The parenchyma is the mammary 
glands and the lactiferous ducts. 
 The mammary glands: 
 It is a modified sweat gland. 
 It consists of 15-20 lobes. 
lobe lobules ductule Lactiferous 
ducts
 The lactiferous ducts: 
 converge toward the nipple. 
 Each duct dilates under the 
areola to form lactiferous sinus. 
 Lactiferous sinus narrows 
again and open separately 
on the summit of the nipple.
 2- The stroma: 
 It is the superficial fascia 
of the pectoral region. 
 It consists of fat and fibrous strands. 
 The fat surrounding the parenchyma 
- smooth rounded contour of the breast. 
 Fibrous strands known as 
cooper’s ligaments - suspend 
the breast on the chest wall.
 The coopers ligaments extends from the skin to the deep 
membranous layer of the superficial fascia. 
 These ligaments maintain the protuberance of the 
breast. 
 In cancer breast 
It becomes like an orange 
“peau d'orange”
Anatomy of the breast 
 Lymph nodes 
1- The anterior (pectoral) group 
2- the posterior (subscapular) group 
3 – The apical group 
4- central basal group 
5- lateral (brachial) group
 Lymphatic drainage of the breast: 
1- A superficial plexus ( subareolar lymphatic plexus ) 
* Under the areola 
2- A deep lymphatic plexus on deep fascia of the pectoralis 
major underlying the breast. 
• Located within the retromammary space. 
These two plexuses communicate freely.
1-subareolar lymphatic plexus 
2-deep lymphatic plexus
Lymphatic drainage of the breast: 
1- The central and the lateral part of the gland drain into the 
anterior group. 
2- The tail of the breast drain into the posterior group. 
3- the upper part of the gland drain into the apical group of the 
axillary lymph nodes and the lower deep cervical lymph nodes. 
4- The medial part of the 
gland drains into 
the parasternal lymph nodes
Signs and symptoms 
 A lump in the breast 
 Swelling in or around the 
breast, collarbone, or armpit 
 Skin thickening or redness 
 Nipple changes 
 Nipple discharge 
 Pain
Signs and symptoms
Types of breast cancer 
 A- Non-invasive: 
 1- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, where abnormal cells have 
been contained in the lining of the breast milk duct. 
 2- Lobular Carcinoma In Situ, abnormal cells form in the 
lobules or milk glands in the breast
Types of breast cancer 
 B- Invasive: 
 1- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, abnormal cells that 
originated in the lining of the milk ducts have invaded 
surrounding tissue.
Types of breast cancer 
 2- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma, the cancer began in the 
lobules and has spread into the surrounding breast tissue.
Types of breast cancer 
 3-Medullary carcinoma, a rare subtype of invasive ductal 
carcinoma. 
 Medullary tumors are often “triple-negative”, which means 
that they test negative for estrogen and progesterone 
receptors, as well as for the HER2/neu protein.
Types of breast cancer 
 4- Colloid (mucinous) Carcinoma, the tumor cells produce 
abundant amounts of extracellular mucin
Types of breast cancer 
 5- Tubular Carcinoma, usually small (about 1 cm or less) 
and made up of tube-shaped structures called "tubules” 
 It is usually found through a mammogram
Stages of breast cancer
Stage I
Stage IIA
Stage IIB
Stage IIIA
Stage IIIB
Stage IIIC
Stage IV
grades of breast cancer 
Grade 1 (low-grade) – The cancer cells look 
similar to normal cells and grow very slowly. 
Grade 2 (moderate- or intermediate-grade) 
– The cancer cells look more abnormal and 
are slightly faster growing. 
Grade 3 (high-grade) – The cancer cells 
look very different from normal cells and 
tend to grow quickly.
Methods of spread 
 There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body. 
 Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph system, and 
the blood: 
 Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by 
growing into nearby areas. 
 Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began 
by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels 
through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body. 
 Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting 
into the blood. The cancer travels through the blood 
vessels to other parts of the body.
Causes of breast cancer 
 Three sets of influences: genetic changes, hormonal 
influences and environmental variables. 
 1- Genetic Changes: 
 Overexpression of the HER2/NEU proto-oncogene 
 BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes. When 
one of these genes are mutated, it no longer suppresses 
abnormal growth, and cancer is more likely to develop.
Causes of breast cancer 
 2- Hormonal Influences: 
 Endogenous estrogen excess (long duration of 
reproductive life, late age at birth of the first child) 
 Hormone replacement therapy 
 3-Environmental variables: 
 Radiation.
Diagnosis of breast cancer 
 1- Asking about history 
 Family history 
 Personal history 
 Having a previous cancer in breast, uterine, ovarian, or 
colon increase the chance of having breast cancer.
2- Physical Examination 
 Clinical breast exam: 
- Breasts, armpits, and the neck and chest area should be 
examined. 
- The physician should examine the axillary lymph nodes 
- These sites should be examined twice, when the patient is 
sitting up and when she is lying down. 
* The clinical breast exam is done annually by the family 
physician or gynecologist
 Breast self-examination 
 breast self-exam is done 
once at month at home
 3- Investigation: 
 Mammography, to screen 
for breast cancer or help 
identify the breast lump. 
 Breast MRI, to help better 
identify the breast lump
Methods of screening 
 Mammogram: every two years for women 50-74 years. 
 Clinical Breast Exam: every year for women 40 years or 
older. 
 Breast self-exam: every month for women starting in 
their 20s
 Breast ultrasound, to show whether 
the lump is solid or fluid-filled 
 Breast biopsy, to determine whether 
or not a lump is cancer and, 
if it is cancer, what type it is.
Prevention 
 Physical exercise. 
 Limit hormone therapy. 
 Breast cancer screening . 
 Breastfeeding. 
 Alcohol consumption .
Treatment 
 1- Surgery: 
 breast-conserving surgery: 
Surgery to remove just the cancerous lump (tumor). 
 it includes: 
 Lumpectomy: 
 Partial mastectomy (segmental mastectomy)
 Mastectomy: 
 Surgery to remove the whole breast. 
All of the breast tissue is removed, 
sometimes along with other nearby tissues. 
 It includes: 
 Total (Simple) mastectomy 
 Modified radical mastectomy 
 Radical mastectomy
 Lymph node surgery: 
 To find out if the breast cancer has spread to axillary 
lymph nodes, one or more of these lymph nodes may be 
removed and looked at under the microscope. 
 Ways to check these lymph nodes: 
 Axillary lymph node dissection 
 Sentinel lymph node biopsy
 2. Chemotherapy: 
 Chemotherapy is usually used after surgery,It uses drugs 
to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the 
cells or by stopping them from dividing. 
 Types of chemotherapy: 
 Systemic chemotherapy 
 Regional chemotherapy
 3. Radiotherapy: 
 Radiotherapy is generally given after surgery and 
chemotherapy, it uses high-energy x-rays or other types 
of radiation, to kill remaining cancer cells or keep them 
from growing. 
 Types of radiotherapy: 
 External radiation 
 Internal radiation
 4. Hormone therapy: 
 It is usually given before surgery and chemotherapy, but 
sometimes it is given before surgery to shrik a tumor, 
making it easier to remove. 
 Some hormones (estrogen or progesterone) 
 can cause certain cancers to grow, hormone therapy 
lowers the levels of hormones or blocks their action and 
stops cancer cells from growing.
5. Targeted Therapy (Biological Therapy): 
 A certain protein called human epidermal growth factor 
receptor 2 (HER2) makes cancer cells grow and spread 
faster. Biological therapy works by stopping the effects of 
HER2 and by helping the immune system fight off cancer 
cells.
References 
 Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition 
 http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bre 
ast/Patient/page2 
 http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/screening. 
htm 
 http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/types-of-breast-cancer
Breast cancer

More Related Content

What's hot

Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha Elbareg
Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha ElbaregEndometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha Elbareg
Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha ElbaregDr. Aisha M Elbareg
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancerLara Rose
 
Breast cancer its sympton, diagonosis and treatement
Breast cancer   its sympton, diagonosis and treatementBreast cancer   its sympton, diagonosis and treatement
Breast cancer its sympton, diagonosis and treatementArbab Usmani
 
Raising Awareness And Understanding of Breast Cancer
Raising Awareness And Understanding of Breast CancerRaising Awareness And Understanding of Breast Cancer
Raising Awareness And Understanding of Breast CancerBanupriyaMBBSMD
 
Management of endometrial carcinoma
Management of endometrial carcinomaManagement of endometrial carcinoma
Management of endometrial carcinomaSailendra Parida
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancerMiYa6
 
Clinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinoma
Clinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinomaClinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinoma
Clinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinomaViswa Kumar
 
Recent advances in carcinoma breast
Recent advances in carcinoma breastRecent advances in carcinoma breast
Recent advances in carcinoma breastKundan Singh
 
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counsellingBreast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counsellingDrAyush Garg
 
Breast cancer awareness
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness
Breast cancer awarenessYana L'Fiana
 
Breast cancer screening dr.ayman jafar
Breast cancer screening dr.ayman jafarBreast cancer screening dr.ayman jafar
Breast cancer screening dr.ayman jafarAyman Jafar
 

What's hot (20)

Breast Cancer
Breast CancerBreast Cancer
Breast Cancer
 
Bca awareness
Bca awarenessBca awareness
Bca awareness
 
Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha Elbareg
Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha ElbaregEndometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha Elbareg
Endometrial carcinoma.lecture by Associate Professor Dr Aisha Elbareg
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Breast cancer its sympton, diagonosis and treatement
Breast cancer   its sympton, diagonosis and treatementBreast cancer   its sympton, diagonosis and treatement
Breast cancer its sympton, diagonosis and treatement
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Raising Awareness And Understanding of Breast Cancer
Raising Awareness And Understanding of Breast CancerRaising Awareness And Understanding of Breast Cancer
Raising Awareness And Understanding of Breast Cancer
 
breast cancer
breast cancer breast cancer
breast cancer
 
Management of endometrial carcinoma
Management of endometrial carcinomaManagement of endometrial carcinoma
Management of endometrial carcinoma
 
Breast Health & Breast Cancer Screening
Breast Health & Breast Cancer ScreeningBreast Health & Breast Cancer Screening
Breast Health & Breast Cancer Screening
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Clinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinoma
Clinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinomaClinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinoma
Clinical presentation and investigations for breast carcinoma
 
Breast screening pallavi
Breast screening pallaviBreast screening pallavi
Breast screening pallavi
 
Breast ca
Breast  ca Breast  ca
Breast ca
 
Recent advances in carcinoma breast
Recent advances in carcinoma breastRecent advances in carcinoma breast
Recent advances in carcinoma breast
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counsellingBreast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counselling
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Breast cancer awareness
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness
Breast cancer awareness
 
Breast cancer screening dr.ayman jafar
Breast cancer screening dr.ayman jafarBreast cancer screening dr.ayman jafar
Breast cancer screening dr.ayman jafar
 

Similar to Breast cancer

the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar...
 the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar... the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar...
the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar...imam univarsity , college of medicine .
 
Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation
Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation
Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation RacDokki
 
Breast cancer ppt med surg
Breast cancer ppt med surgBreast cancer ppt med surg
Breast cancer ppt med surgNehaNupur8
 
breast cancer ppt (1).pptx
breast cancer ppt (1).pptxbreast cancer ppt (1).pptx
breast cancer ppt (1).pptxSURAJVERMA624032
 
Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy
Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy
Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy AsifaKanwal1
 
1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast
1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast
1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative BreastSue Jones
 
Anatomy and staging breast cancer
Anatomy and staging breast cancerAnatomy and staging breast cancer
Anatomy and staging breast cancerAnil Gupta
 

Similar to Breast cancer (20)

Carcinoma of uterine & cervix
Carcinoma of uterine & cervixCarcinoma of uterine & cervix
Carcinoma of uterine & cervix
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Breastcancer 140220114523-phpapp02
Breastcancer 140220114523-phpapp02Breastcancer 140220114523-phpapp02
Breastcancer 140220114523-phpapp02
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancer Breast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancer Breast cancer
Breast cancer
 
the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar...
 the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar... the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar...
the breast cancer and its different type ,stages and grading , the tumor mar...
 
Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation
Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation
Breast Cancer Awareness Presentation
 
Breast cancer ppt med surg
Breast cancer ppt med surgBreast cancer ppt med surg
Breast cancer ppt med surg
 
breast cancer ppt (1).pptx
breast cancer ppt (1).pptxbreast cancer ppt (1).pptx
breast cancer ppt (1).pptx
 
BREAST CANCER.docx
BREAST CANCER.docxBREAST CANCER.docx
BREAST CANCER.docx
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy
Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy
Treatment of breast cancer by chemotherapy
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast
1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast
1.Non-Proliferative Breast Disease. Non-Proliferative Breast
 
Breast Cancer
Breast CancerBreast Cancer
Breast Cancer
 
Breast cancer presentation
Breast cancer presentationBreast cancer presentation
Breast cancer presentation
 
Anatomy and staging breast cancer
Anatomy and staging breast cancerAnatomy and staging breast cancer
Anatomy and staging breast cancer
 
Breast cancer
Breast cancerBreast cancer
Breast cancer
 
Breast cancer.
Breast cancer.Breast cancer.
Breast cancer.
 

Recently uploaded

MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.whalesdesign
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.aarjukhadka22
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.pptRamDBawankar1
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.kishan singh tomar
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024EwoutSteyerberg1
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)kishan singh tomar
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxkomalt2001
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportNARMADAPETROLEUMGAS
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxNaveenkumar267201
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyMedicoseAcademics
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdfHongBiThi1
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionkrishnareddy157915
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communicationskatiequigley33
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfHongBiThi1
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfHongBiThi1
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfHongBiThi1
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Peter Embi
 

Recently uploaded (20)

MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
MedMatch: Your Health, Our Mission. Pitch deck.
 
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
Bulimia nervosa ( Eating Disorders) Mental Health Nursing.
 
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.pptPharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D.  Bawankar.ppt
Pharmacokinetic Models by Dr. Ram D. Bawankar.ppt
 
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
Different drug regularity bodies in different countries.
 
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
Trustworthiness of AI based predictions Aachen 2024
 
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
 
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptxBasic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
Basic structure of hair and hair growth cycle.pptx
 
blood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project reportblood bank management system project report
blood bank management system project report
 
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
American College of physicians ACP high value care recommendations in rheumat...
 
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
Biologic therapy ice breaking in rheumatology, Case based approach with appli...
 
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptxBreast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
Breast cancer -ONCO IN MEDICAL AND SURGICAL NURSING.pptx
 
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptxANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES  FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
ANATOMICAL FAETURES OF BONES FOR NURSING STUDENTS .pptx
 
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before PregnancyFemale Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
Female Reproductive Physiology Before Pregnancy
 
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdfSGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA    .pdf
SGK NGẠT NƯỚC ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY NHA .pdf
 
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung functionEXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
EXERCISE PERFORMANCE.pptx, Lung function
 
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health CommunicationsUsing Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
Using Data Visualization in Public Health Communications
 
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdfSGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
SGK RỐI LOẠN TOAN KIỀM ĐHYHN RẤT HAY VÀ ĐẶC SẮC.pdf
 
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdfSGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
SGK LEUKEMIA KINH DÒNG BẠCH CÂU HẠT HAY.pdf
 
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdfSGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN        RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
SGK ĐIỆN GIẬT ĐHYHN RẤT LÀ HAY TUYỆT VỜI.pdf
 
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
Clinical Research Informatics Year-in-Review 2024
 

Breast cancer

  • 1. King Faisal University College of Medicine Block 1.1 Hasan Radi Al-Shabaan 214010094 Group: 3 Serial number: 31 Tutor: Dr. Ahmed Ramadan
  • 2. Learning Objectives  Definition and epidemiology of breast cancer.  Anatomy of the breast.  Signs and symptoms of breast cancer.  Types of breast cancer.  Stages of breast cancer.  Grades of breast cancer.  Methods of spread.  Causes of breast cancer.  Methods of examination.  Methods of screening.  Prevention & treatment.
  • 3. Anatomy of the breast Shape and position:  conical in shape  It extends from the sternum margin to the midaxillary line at the level of 4th rib.  Vertically, it extends from the 2nd rib to the 6th rib along the midclavicular line.
  • 4. Anatomy of the breast  Parts of the breasts: 1- The nipple and areola • The nipple is a conical or cylindrical prominent. • It lies below the center of the breast and opposite of the 4th intercostal space.
  • 5.  The areola:  Areola is a circular patch of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple.  The areola contains many sebaceous glands.  During pregnancy, the areola undergo some changes.
  • 6. 2-The breast.  It consists of the parenchyma, stroma and the overlying skin.
  • 7.  The Parenchyma:  The parenchyma is the mammary glands and the lactiferous ducts.  The mammary glands:  It is a modified sweat gland.  It consists of 15-20 lobes. lobe lobules ductule Lactiferous ducts
  • 8.  The lactiferous ducts:  converge toward the nipple.  Each duct dilates under the areola to form lactiferous sinus.  Lactiferous sinus narrows again and open separately on the summit of the nipple.
  • 9.  2- The stroma:  It is the superficial fascia of the pectoral region.  It consists of fat and fibrous strands.  The fat surrounding the parenchyma - smooth rounded contour of the breast.  Fibrous strands known as cooper’s ligaments - suspend the breast on the chest wall.
  • 10.  The coopers ligaments extends from the skin to the deep membranous layer of the superficial fascia.  These ligaments maintain the protuberance of the breast.  In cancer breast It becomes like an orange “peau d'orange”
  • 11. Anatomy of the breast  Lymph nodes 1- The anterior (pectoral) group 2- the posterior (subscapular) group 3 – The apical group 4- central basal group 5- lateral (brachial) group
  • 12.  Lymphatic drainage of the breast: 1- A superficial plexus ( subareolar lymphatic plexus ) * Under the areola 2- A deep lymphatic plexus on deep fascia of the pectoralis major underlying the breast. • Located within the retromammary space. These two plexuses communicate freely.
  • 13. 1-subareolar lymphatic plexus 2-deep lymphatic plexus
  • 14. Lymphatic drainage of the breast: 1- The central and the lateral part of the gland drain into the anterior group. 2- The tail of the breast drain into the posterior group. 3- the upper part of the gland drain into the apical group of the axillary lymph nodes and the lower deep cervical lymph nodes. 4- The medial part of the gland drains into the parasternal lymph nodes
  • 15. Signs and symptoms  A lump in the breast  Swelling in or around the breast, collarbone, or armpit  Skin thickening or redness  Nipple changes  Nipple discharge  Pain
  • 17. Types of breast cancer  A- Non-invasive:  1- Ductal Carcinoma In Situ, where abnormal cells have been contained in the lining of the breast milk duct.  2- Lobular Carcinoma In Situ, abnormal cells form in the lobules or milk glands in the breast
  • 18. Types of breast cancer  B- Invasive:  1- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma, abnormal cells that originated in the lining of the milk ducts have invaded surrounding tissue.
  • 19. Types of breast cancer  2- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma, the cancer began in the lobules and has spread into the surrounding breast tissue.
  • 20. Types of breast cancer  3-Medullary carcinoma, a rare subtype of invasive ductal carcinoma.  Medullary tumors are often “triple-negative”, which means that they test negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors, as well as for the HER2/neu protein.
  • 21. Types of breast cancer  4- Colloid (mucinous) Carcinoma, the tumor cells produce abundant amounts of extracellular mucin
  • 22. Types of breast cancer  5- Tubular Carcinoma, usually small (about 1 cm or less) and made up of tube-shaped structures called "tubules”  It is usually found through a mammogram
  • 31. grades of breast cancer Grade 1 (low-grade) – The cancer cells look similar to normal cells and grow very slowly. Grade 2 (moderate- or intermediate-grade) – The cancer cells look more abnormal and are slightly faster growing. Grade 3 (high-grade) – The cancer cells look very different from normal cells and tend to grow quickly.
  • 32. Methods of spread  There are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.  Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph system, and the blood:  Tissue. The cancer spreads from where it began by growing into nearby areas.  Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the body.  Blood. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the blood vessels to other parts of the body.
  • 33. Causes of breast cancer  Three sets of influences: genetic changes, hormonal influences and environmental variables.  1- Genetic Changes:  Overexpression of the HER2/NEU proto-oncogene  BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes. When one of these genes are mutated, it no longer suppresses abnormal growth, and cancer is more likely to develop.
  • 34. Causes of breast cancer  2- Hormonal Influences:  Endogenous estrogen excess (long duration of reproductive life, late age at birth of the first child)  Hormone replacement therapy  3-Environmental variables:  Radiation.
  • 35. Diagnosis of breast cancer  1- Asking about history  Family history  Personal history  Having a previous cancer in breast, uterine, ovarian, or colon increase the chance of having breast cancer.
  • 36. 2- Physical Examination  Clinical breast exam: - Breasts, armpits, and the neck and chest area should be examined. - The physician should examine the axillary lymph nodes - These sites should be examined twice, when the patient is sitting up and when she is lying down. * The clinical breast exam is done annually by the family physician or gynecologist
  • 37.  Breast self-examination  breast self-exam is done once at month at home
  • 38.  3- Investigation:  Mammography, to screen for breast cancer or help identify the breast lump.  Breast MRI, to help better identify the breast lump
  • 39. Methods of screening  Mammogram: every two years for women 50-74 years.  Clinical Breast Exam: every year for women 40 years or older.  Breast self-exam: every month for women starting in their 20s
  • 40.  Breast ultrasound, to show whether the lump is solid or fluid-filled  Breast biopsy, to determine whether or not a lump is cancer and, if it is cancer, what type it is.
  • 41. Prevention  Physical exercise.  Limit hormone therapy.  Breast cancer screening .  Breastfeeding.  Alcohol consumption .
  • 42. Treatment  1- Surgery:  breast-conserving surgery: Surgery to remove just the cancerous lump (tumor).  it includes:  Lumpectomy:  Partial mastectomy (segmental mastectomy)
  • 43.  Mastectomy:  Surgery to remove the whole breast. All of the breast tissue is removed, sometimes along with other nearby tissues.  It includes:  Total (Simple) mastectomy  Modified radical mastectomy  Radical mastectomy
  • 44.  Lymph node surgery:  To find out if the breast cancer has spread to axillary lymph nodes, one or more of these lymph nodes may be removed and looked at under the microscope.  Ways to check these lymph nodes:  Axillary lymph node dissection  Sentinel lymph node biopsy
  • 45.  2. Chemotherapy:  Chemotherapy is usually used after surgery,It uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing.  Types of chemotherapy:  Systemic chemotherapy  Regional chemotherapy
  • 46.  3. Radiotherapy:  Radiotherapy is generally given after surgery and chemotherapy, it uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation, to kill remaining cancer cells or keep them from growing.  Types of radiotherapy:  External radiation  Internal radiation
  • 47.  4. Hormone therapy:  It is usually given before surgery and chemotherapy, but sometimes it is given before surgery to shrik a tumor, making it easier to remove.  Some hormones (estrogen or progesterone)  can cause certain cancers to grow, hormone therapy lowers the levels of hormones or blocks their action and stops cancer cells from growing.
  • 48. 5. Targeted Therapy (Biological Therapy):  A certain protein called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) makes cancer cells grow and spread faster. Biological therapy works by stopping the effects of HER2 and by helping the immune system fight off cancer cells.
  • 49. References  Robbins Basic Pathology, 9th edition  http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bre ast/Patient/page2  http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/screening. htm  http://www.nationalbreastcancer.org/types-of-breast-cancer

Editor's Notes

  1. * It becomes darker in color. * The sebaceous gland enlarge. * Some small mammary glands increase in size. * Enlarged mammary glands appear as tubercles and known as montgomery’s tubercles.
  2. the cancer cells infiltrate these ligaments leading to their shortening.
  3. The majority of lymph (>75%) drains to the axillary lymph nodes. Percentage of Breast Cancer Seen In each of the Four Quadrants and Nipple.
  4. The tumor may be any size and cancer has spread to the chest wall and/or to the skin of the breast and caused swelling or an ulcer.
  5. Estrogen stimulates production of growth factors, which may promote tumor development – progesterone