2. Cellular Standards
“Generations”
• Early
1G – analog, for voice only
2G – digital, for voice
• Converts analog into digital before modulating
and transmitting
• Most cellular providers currently use this
technology
• Now
Change in the needs of communication
2
3. Evolution from 2G to 3G
GPRS
• Best-effort packet switched service used
for data transfer.
• Provides data rates from 56 kbps up to
114 kbps.
EDGE
• Evolved from GPRS.
• Can be used for packet switched
applications.
3
4. Introduction of 3G
Created by NTT docomo.
Commercially launch on Oct 1, 2001
in Japan.
Commercially released by major US
service provider Verizon Wireless in
Oct 2003.
Based on ITU standards, primarily
IMT-2000.
4
5. 3G Improvements
Basic telephone with data
communication
Higher speeds
• 144kbps to 348 kbps at driving speeds
• 384 kbps outside when still or slow
• 2Mbps to 14.4Mbps while or inside
5
7. Composition of 3G Networks
Layered Network
• Top: Service Layer
• Middle: Control Layer
• Bottom: Connectivity Layer
7
8. Privacy and Security
User Authentication
Network Authentication
Device Authentication
Data Monitoring
End to End
9. Reliability and Robustness
Cost of Service & Phones.
Different Service Standards and
Costs.
Cost vs. Revenue.
Lack of Mobile Users.
International Obstacles.
9
10. Interoperability and Support
3G Enabled Devices
3G Networks
The Standard (IMT-2000)
ITU and Member Support
• National Members
• ITU
• Carriers
12. 4G
Technology that allows you to
connect anywhere
Automatic access technology
switches while maintaining TCP
connections
System support for voice and video
over IP
12
13. 4G Possibilities
Competitors for 4G
Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
• 4G path for Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access/Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (W-CDMA/UMTS)
Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)
• 4G path for CDMA2000 operators
IEEE 802.16m
• WiMax
All based on… OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) designed for 100+Mbps in wide-area
mobile apps
13
14. Progressing to 4G
HSDPA/HSUPA
• High-Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet
Access
• “3.5G” – considered so because of high
speeds
WiMax
• Some say this can also be 4G (Sprint)
• With OFDMA, this is faster than other
ways of connecting in 3G
14
15. 4G Requirements
High Quality of Service (QoS)
• Video and other services require this
• IP/MPLS can be used to guarantee this
Spectrum
• 4G requires 20MHz or more in a swath
of spectrum
• Limited, mobile communications already
have allocated spectrum!
15
16. 4G Spectrum
700 Mhz band
• Benefit
60% fewer cell sites
• Downside
More customers = More $
New frequency? New handsets/devices!
• US Federal Communications Commission
Part of the band has been set aside for public
safety priority access
16
17. 4G Implementation
New, all-IP network
LTE
• MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
Higher data rates with multiple antennas
More reliability
CDMA supporters (Verizon) may switch
Pseudo wires
• 60% less expensive then TDM or ATM
per bit
17
18. 4G Conclusion
Until 4G is officially defined, the idea
behind it is to predict what end users
want
• Knowing that, networks need to be able
to deliver the desired services in high
quality.
18
19. References
Kurose, James F. and Keith W. Ross. Computer Networking: A Top-
Down Approach Featuring the Internet. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson
Education, 2005.
Luna, Lynnette. "The Long Road to 4G." Telephony (11 Dec.
2007): 12-18. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van Houten
Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=28053259&site=ehost-live>.
THRYFT, ANN. "3G WIRELESS DATA: about to break?." EDN 53.23
(13 Nov. 2008): 40-48. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van
Houten Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=35457796&site=ehost-live>.
Kaplan, Peter. “Verizon and AT&T dominate airwaves auction.”
Reuters. 20 March 2008. 3 May 2009
<http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2042023
420080320?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews>
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