Central business district

CENTRAL
BUSINESS
DISTRICT
(C.B.D)

CONTEXT:
• INTRODUCTION
• GOALS AND CONCEPTS OF A C.B.D.
• CHARACTERISTICS
• HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• CHARACTERISTICS
• FEATURES OF C.B.D
• WHY CBD IS IMPORTANT?
• THREADS AND DECLINE OF C.B.D
• HOW CAN THE CBD BE REVITALISED?
• UNDERGROUND C.B.D’s
• DETAILED BREIF OF C.B.D
• CASE STUDY
1. AHMEDABAD
2. NEHRU PLACE, NEW DELHI
PRESENTATION BY:
• HEBRON PATRICK
• GHULAM MUSTAFA
• TAYMOOR TARIQ
• USMAN CHISTI
• MOAZZAM WATTO

GULBERG
MM-ALAM
ROAD
(LAHORE
CENTRAL
BUSINESS
DISTRICT)

INTRODUCTION
• The CBD or Central Business District is the focal point of a city. It is the commercial, office,
retail, and cultural center of the city and usually is the center point for transportation networks.
• There are no boundaries to the CBD. The CBD is essentially about perception. It is usually the
"postcard image" one has of a particular city. There have been various attempts at
delineating the boundaries of the CBD but, for the most part, one can visually or instinctively
know when the CBD starts and ends as it is the core and contains a plethora of tall buildings,
high density, a lack of parking, transportation nodes, a large number of pedestrians on the
streets and generally just a lot of activity during the daytime.
• The "CBD" is the central district of a city, usually typified by a concentration of retail and
commercial buildings. City centre differs from downtown in that the latter can be
geographically located anywhere in a city, while a city centre is generally located near the
geographic heart of the city.
• The shape and type of a CBD or downtown almost always closely reflects the city's history.
Cities with maximum building height restrictions often have a separate historic section
quite apart from the financial and administrative district.
• Central business districts usually have very small residential population.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district

• The ultimate goal to which nearly every major city
aspires is to create an environment conducive to a
lively atmosphere and satisfying day/night variety
of “People Activities”.
• The building of a balanced mix of new office,
shopping and recreational facilities which must
include the extension of facilities to attract people
in the after business hours, e.g, theater, sports,
music and special events; the diversification of
jobs and an increase in the employment
opportunities. The provision for multilevel
parking for private and public sectors, the
preservation and restoration of buildings of
historical heritage add a character to the city and
creates an interest for the citizens.
• The provision for protected pedestrian walkways
(whether elevated, at ground level, or
underground) linking the major shopping, office
and the municipal buildings.
GOALS AND CONCEPTS OF A C.B.D.

The CBD developed as the market square in ancient cities. On market
days, farmers, merchants and consumers would gather in the center of
the city to exchange, buy, and sell goods. This ancient market is the
forerunner to the CBD. As cities grew and developed, CBDs became
fixed location where retail and commerce took place. The CBD is
typically at or near the oldest part of the city and is often near a major
transportation route that provided the site for the city's location, such as a
river, railroad, or highway. Over time, the CBD developed into a center
of finance and control or government as well as office space. In the
early 1900s, European and American cities had CBDs that featured
primarily retail and commercial cores. In the mid-20th century, the
CBD expanded to include office space and commercial businesses while
retail took a back seat. The growth of the skyscraper occurred in CBDs,
making them more and more dense.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Agora
The Roman Agora served as a marketplace where merchants
kept stalls or shops to sell their goods amid colonnades.
Actually Agora served as a twin function of being a centre
for political and commercial space activity.
Forum
A forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman
city.In addition to its standard function as a marketplace,
Forum was a gathering place of great social significance,
and often the scene of diverse activities, including political
discussions and debates, meetings, et cetera.
Bazaar
A bazaar was a permanent merchandising area, marketplace,
or street of shops where goods and services are exchanged or
sold. The word derives from the Persian word bāzār,
meaning "the place of prices". Although the current meaning
of the word is believed to have originated in Persia, its use
has spread and now has been accepted into the vernacular in
countries around the world.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agora
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/forum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bazaar

Souq
A souq is a commercial quarter in an Arab
or Berber city. The term is often used to
designate the market in any Arabized or
Muslim city. In Modern Standard Arabic the term
refers to markets in both the physical sense and
the abstract economic sense.
Mercado
Mercado in Mexico and throughout Latin
America combines the elements of open-air
street markets, and the more formal structures
that house the bigger vendors in the major cities.
Many of the Mercado have the qualities of the
Mexico city’s tiangus, street markets selling a
variety of goods from produce to small
appliances, clothing and handicrafts that setup in
different neighbourhoods each day of the week,
providing variety and stability at the same time.
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s
ouq
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
mercado

IDENTIFYING
FEATURES OF THE C.B.D
• Tall/multi-storey buildings.
• Expensive land values.
• High density of roads and buildings.
• Focus for road and rail transport
• Shops, e.g department stores.
• Modern shopping malls and pedestrian
precincts.
• Cultural/historical buildings , e.g museums
and castles.
• Offices, e.g business sector.
WHY CBD IS IMPORTANT?
An objective of the plan is that each
development in the CBD will be a
contributor to the area as a whole as well as
a sound economic investment in itself. Ease
of reaching the CENTRAL BUSINESS
DISTRICT has been a fundamental reason
for its importance as the center of economic
and social life.

THREATS AND DECLINE OF C.B.D
• Empty shops , banks and closed Cinemas.
• “Pound shops” and charity shops
• Looks run down
• Fewer people
• Decentralization: shops and offices move to outskirts of city.

HOW CAN THE CBD BE
REVITALISED?
• Safety and security
• CCTV and security in the
shopping centers
• Late night police patrols

UNDERGROUND C.B.D’s
• Parking Garages
• Loading Docks
• Utility Lines
• Subway Systems
• Pedestrian passages
• Shops and Shopping Malls

A
SUMMARY
MODEL
OF
LAND
USE
IN
CITY

EVERY CITY MODEL INCLUDES A
“CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT”

URBAN STRUCTURE
Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas. Sociologists, economists, and geographers
have developed several models, explaining where different types of people and businesses tend to exist within
the urban setting. Urban structure can also refer to the urban spatial structure, which concerns the
arrangement of public and private space in cities and the degree of connectivity and accessibility.
Concentric Ring Model
The Concentric ring model also known as the Burgess model is one of the earliest theoretical models to
explain urban social structures. It was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925.
Commuter zone
Residential zone
Working class zone
CBD
The zones identified are:
• The center was the CBD
• The transition zone of mixed residential and
commercial uses
• Low-class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later
decades called inner city
• Better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs)
• Commuters zone
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/urban_structure
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/concentric_ring_model
Factory zone
Zone of transition

The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model,
is a model of urban land use proposed in 1939 by
economist Homer Hoyt. It is a modification of the
concentric zone model of city development. The
benefits of the application of this model include the
fact it allows for an outward progression of
growth. As with all simple models of complex
phenomena its validity is limited.
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sector_model
SECTOR MODEL “HOYT MODEL”

MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL
• The multiple nuclei model is an ecological model put
forth by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945
article "The Nature of Cities." The model describes the
layout of a city. It notes that while a city may have
started with a central business district, similar industries
with common land-use and financial requirements are
established near each other.
• These groupings influence their immediate neighborhood.
Hotels and restaurants spring up around airports, for
example. The number and kinds of nuclei mark a city's
growth.
• The theory was formed based on the idea that people
have greater movement due to increased car ownership.
• This increase of movement allows for the specialization
of regional centers (eg. heavy industry, business park).
There is no clear CBD (Central Business District) in this
type of model.
Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/multiple_nuclei_model

THE CORE - FRAME MODEL OF A C.B.D.
• The Core frame model is a model showing the urban structure of the Central Business
District of a town or city.
• The model includes an inner core where land is expensive and used intensively, resulting in
vertical development. This area is the focus of the transport system and has a concentrated
daytime population. The outer core and frame have lower land values and are less intensively
developed. The various land uses are linked to the bid rent theory. The zone of assimilation
and zone of discard are together called the zone of transition.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zone_of_transition

BASIC LAYOUTS OF THE CBD
Layout I
• It introduces separate area for pedestrians in the form of a pedestrian mall.
• Service traffic is not separate from customer traffic.
• Long walk from parking to access.
Layout II
• It shows a similar layout but end placed structures are activity notes like
a museum or library.
• Access to parking is provided by a circulatory road within the site itself.
• Introduction of basement delivery road.
Layout III
• It shows an arrangement with three different blocks enclosing a
common space.
• Pedestrian flow would tend to flow from one of the main magnet to
another.
• Produces a variety of spaces.

Layout IV
• In this layout a centralized parking is provided with a peripheral service
road, which leads to segregation of customer and service traffic.
• Store fronts and signs can be viewed both from public road and parking lot.
• One major disadvantage of this layout is that it faces rush and traffic
jams during peak hours when offices open and close for work.
Layout V
• It represents an approach with one court & two magnets placed in diagonal
manner.
• Complex is widened by court. This court can be used for public events,
kiosks etc.
• Provides equal opportunities to the stores.
• Even distribution of pedestrian flow.
Layout IV
•This shows approach to the center with two magnets.
•This is simplest and most often used solution

ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF A CENTRAL BUSINESS
DISTRICT
• If an area meets many or all of the following criteria, it would probably be considered a CBD:
I. Houses large public buildings such as libraries, churches, stations and town halls.
II. Contains specialist shops and branches of major department stores.
III. Contains social amenities such as cinema halls, clubs and theatres.
IV. Contains little housing, but often hotels.
V. Contains little or no industry.
VI. Contains offices and other professional buildings.
• Contains buildings that tend to be taller
than other buildings in the city (because
land prices tend to be at a premium,
making high-rise buildings economically
favorable)
• Has high pedestrian levels and the
greatest parking restrictions. Often is the
geographical centre of the settlement.
• Often is the area with the highest land
value. Is well connected by public
transport, with large numbers of
passengers.
• Has a high traffic level.

THE MODERN CBD
By the beginning of the 21st century, the CBD had become a diverse region of the
metropolitan area and included residential, retail, commercial, universities,
entertainment, government, financial institutions, medical centers, and culture. The
experts of the city are often located at workplaces or institutions in the CBD – lawyers,
doctors, academics, government officials and bureaucrats, entertainers, directors and
financiers.
In recent decades, the combination of residential expansion and development of
shopping malls as entertainment centers have given the CBD new life. One can now
find, in addition to housing, mega-malls, theaters, museums, and stadiums.
Pedestrian Malls
Pedestrian malls are also common today in CBDs in an effort to make the CBD a 24
hour a day destination for not only those who work in the CBD but also to bring in
people to live and to play in the CBD, keeping the vehicular movement restricted to
the outskirts and to a minimum. Without entertainment and cultural opportunities, the
CBD is often far more populated during the day than at night as relatively few
workers live in the CBD and most do commute to their jobs in the CBD.

LAND VALUE AND THE BID RENT THEORY
Land users, whether they be retail; office; or residential, all compete for the most accessible land
within the CBD. The amount they are willing to pay is called bid rent. This can generally be
shown in a ‘bid rent curve’. Based upon the reasoning that the more accessible the land,
generally in the centre, is the more expensive land.
• Commerce (in particular large department stores/chain stores) is willing to pay the greatest
rent to be located in the inner core. The inner core is very valuable for them because it is
traditionally the most accessible location for a large population. As a result, they are willing
and able to pay a very high land rent value.
• As you move from the inner core, the amount commerce is willing to pay declines rapidly.
Industry, however, is willing to pay to be in the outer core.
• As you move further out, so the land is less attractive to
industry due to the reducing communication links and a
decreasing market place. Because the householder does
not rely heavily on these and can now afford the reduced
costs (when compared with the inner and outer core) is
able to purchase land.
• The further you go from the inner core and
outer core, the cheaper the land. This is why inner city
areas are very densely populated (terraces, flats and high
rises), whilst the suburbs and rural areas are sparsely
populated (semi and detached houses with gardens). Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district

GENERALAPPEARANCE
• The study of various aspects like urban and open spaces , enclosure and relation of buildings is important at planning
stage. Design harmony among buildings is attained by describing a predominant character to urban spaces.
• An interesting skyline is maintained along with landscaped green open spaces and plantings to create a unifying design
concept among the buildings.
• Variety of vistas, visual focal points and views are created along with interesting architectural details.
• Unnecessary signs, poles and wires add visual chaos to the surroundings so they need to be avoided and vacancies are
to created that allow space for expansion.
A urban space must be distinguished by a predominant character:
• Quality of enclosure
• Quality of its detailed treatment
• Activity that takes place in it
• The scale of open spaces is determined by trees, rocks, shrubs and group surface rather than their gross width and
length. Assuming that the CBD will be served by accessible transport, we need to introduce the universal design
elements in the physical design of CBD. The proposed design for the CDB has been modified for the following
components.
CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT COMPONENTS
Source: Watson Donald, Plattus Alan and Shibley Robbert, Time savers standards for urban design, Pg- 6.6-9,10

THE GRAND PUBLIC SPACE
A public space is a social space such as a town square that is open and
accessible to all, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, age or socio-economic
level.
Located near a diversity of land uses( office, retail, warehouses) it tends to
attract the users from a greater distances and in a great variety.
Such a plaza is often big and and flexible enough to host the brown-bag lunch
crowds, outdoor cafes; passers through; and the occasional concerts, art
shows, exhibits, and rallies.
•The street plaza: an area
predominately hard surfaced, centrally
located, and highly visible. It is often the
setting for programmed events such as
concerts, performances etc.
•The city square: a centrally located,
often historic place where major
thorough fares intersect. It is usually
bounded by streets.
Source: Watson Donald, Plattus Alan and Shibley Robbert, Time savers standards for urban design, Pg- 6.-1

WALKWAY SYSTEMS AND SKYWAY BRIDGES
• Elevated walkway systems are a comparatively recent development in the provision of a pedestrian
linkage to the major buildings in the most effective area of the central business district.
• These second level passages not only offers protection from bad weather but also afford the
pedestrians a safe and pleasant means of circulation within the CBD, completely separated from the
motor vehicles and their pollutants.
• The space in the buildings connected by skyways is often devoted to retail business, so areas around
the skyway may operate as a shopping mall.
Primarily, the skyway plan consists of -
• Mid-block crossings which connect the interior arcades through the
buildings to form one continuous system. They also connect with a series
of strategically located enclosed courts which provide comfort and beauty
and provide for year- round activities.
Source: Redstone, Louis G., The New Downtowns
(Rebuilding Business Districts), 1976, Pg: 29

INFORMATIONS AND SIGNS
Signage serves two functions
• Provide direction of flow to occasional visitors and new
employees in CBD to convey information and to attract attention.
The overall facade composition, including ornamental details,
color and materials, should be considered when determining the
location, size and character of signage.
Points of consideration:
1.SIGN DESIGN.
Consider both pedestrian and vehicular traffic in selecting
and designing signage.
2.SIGNAGE AND THE BUILDING
Signage should be low-key in order to avoid competition with
the architecture of the structure. Materials and design should
be compatible with the building’s materials and style. Locate
signs so that they emphasize design elements of the facade,
but do not obscure architectural details, windows or other
significant features.
Source: Watson Donald, Plattus Alan
and Shibley Robbert, Time savers
standards for urban design, Pg- 6.8-11

• Signs can also reinforce the horizontal lines of moldings and
transoms, and accent architectural details when placed
appropriately.
• The design and style of both the lettering and sign should
complement the style of the building.
• Signs for multiple businesses in a single building should be
designed with similar materials, backs and lettering styles.
3.MATERIALS
Glass, painted wood, painted metal or architectural decorative metals such as copper, bronze,
brass, aluminum or stainless steel are appropriate sign materials. Unfinished, non-decorative
materials, including unpainted wood and highly reflective materials are discouraged. Plastic is
only allowed as individual three dimensional letters applied to a sign or building, or where the
face of an existing sign is to be replaced with like materials.
4.SIGN LIGHTING.
Sign lighting should be indirect, not bright and glaring. Internal illumination of signs is
prohibited. Neon lighting should be used only in small amounts and where appropriate to the
building designs. The signs should be such that they direct the visitors to the elevators,
restrooms, telephones and cafeterias or coffee shops. On leaving the building, clear signs
indicating the way to the transit stop, taxi stands, and the nearby streets. For larger
developments and parking lots, directional signs can be incorporated that are designed to be an
attractive addition to the streetscape.

5. Public Seating
• The design must recognize that the seating is the most important
element in encouraging the plaza use.
• The seating meets the needs of the various types of sitters
commonly found in most of the plazas.
• These seating must be placed in those locations that are not sunny
during the lunch hours; in the shade.
• Secondary seating (mounts of grass, steps with a view, seating
walls, retaining walls that allow sitting) must be incorporated in
the plaza design, to increase the overall seating capacity without
creating a “sea of benches” .
• 5.A sense of privacy must be created for some of the seating,
through the placement of the planters and the other design
elements.
Source: Watson Donald, Plattus Alan and Shibley Robbert, Time savers standards for urban design, Pg- 6.8-7

VENDORS
In addition to traditional brick-and-mortar businesses, street vendors also
contribute to the urban landscape and can be found throughout
downtown’s Central Business District (CBD).
Vending
is restricted to specific locations, but in general, vending is allowed on
public streets and sidewalks within the CBD and within 300 feet of the
CBD. Types of merchandise that can be sold by a street vendor include
food, beverages, flowers, cards, pens and regional souvenirs. The sale of
clothing items other than T-shirts or caps is not permitted.
Source: Watson Donald, Plattus Alan
and Shibley Robbert, Time savers
standards for urban design, Pg- 6.8-10

•Street vendors and informal trade, provides employment and incomes
to a significant percentage of people, in particular within the urban
areas.
•The trade takes place at strategic points with heavy human traffic -
along main roads, streets, parks, pavements, within shopping
centers, and at prominent corners of streets and roads where traders
are visible to pedestrians and motorists.
•Vending certain types of goods in particular locations increases the
popularity of retail areas, enliven the environment of a plaza or a
sidewalk, and provides security.
•The plaza should be designed to accommodate the vendors, whose
presence will add to the vitality of that place, provides a measure of
security, and often increases the popularity of the surrounding retail
outlets.
•Providing vendors should be colorful, fabric ”roof” be provided for
that area, to draw the attention to the facility, provide the shelter and
shade, the contrast with the scale of the CBD buildings.
•The area for the vendors or market should be situated so as to be
easily accessible and highly visible.

ART IN THE CBD ENVIRONMENT
In planning the central business district environment, art, in its various forms must become
an element that will bring spiritual and aesthetic satisfaction-as important as the part of man’s
existence as the satisfaction of purely material needs.
Art to be used in the public places such as plazas, playgrounds, lobbies of the government
buildings and parks- wherever people congregate .
Art in all forms like- sculpture, fountains, special landscaping, well designed lighting, good
graphics, outdoor furniture, and interesting sidewalk patterns- can create an exciting
atmosphere.
Source: Redstone, Louis G., The New Downtowns (Rebuilding Business Districts), 1976, Pg: 55

LANDSCAPING
• Landscaping helps to soften the harshness of development, and creates attractive
areas to view, visit and uses. Trees and shrubs help to reduce the amount of wind
and dust in an area. Landscaping is especially important for patios, sidewalks and
parking areas.
• Trees shall be provided along major pedestrian corridors.
• Full growth size of tree shall be considered when planting, so there is space between
the tree canopy, the building façade, and other architectural elements.
• Trees shall not be placed closer than 30 feet from intersections. They shall remain
out of the clear vision triangle.
• Branch height of mature trees on traffic side shall be no less than 13’-6” above the
street.
• Branch height on pedestrian side shall be no less than 8’above the sidewalk.
• Proper irrigation systems shall be installed to establish and maintain healthy
growth.
• Tree species shall be selected that can withstand the harsh conditions of the urban
environment. When an area is to be unified, plant only one species.
• Mature tree height and canopy fullness shall not obscure important building features
or business identification.

• Aesthetics
• Environmental Modification Screening
• Circulation Control
MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF PLANT MATERIALS
• Plants can act as barriers or screens, providing privacy
and eliminating trash areas.
• To provide visual control planting should be at least 6
feet high.
• Depending upon the thickness of the foliage, the size
of the branches and the loudness of the sound, noise
and sound can be controlled by plants.
• Mature street trees shall be maintained for clear head
clearance.

•Plant materials are grouped into general categories relative to
their size and habitat .These categories include:
•Overstory -- tall plants (typically trees) that form overhead
canopies
•Understory -- shorter plants (shrubs and small trees)
•Ground cover -- plants that grow close to the ground
(typically less than 12" tall). May be used to stabilize soil or
slopes.
•Vines -- plants that attach themselves to other objects for
support.
• On the basis of texture:
• fine , medium and coarse

TREE NAMES
TYPE
SIZE
LANDSCAPED
AREA
Street Trees 3” caliperThornless Honey Locust
Callery Pear
Red Oak
Littleleaf Linden
.
Trees for internal
and screening areas
5 foot for evergreens
with a 30” spread and
3” caliper for deciduous
White Fir
Norway Maple
Tulip Tree
Austrian and Red Pine
No less than 30” in
height and 2’ spread
Shrubs for
internal and screening
areas
Deciduous and
Evergreen trees
Lilac
Dogwood
Juniper
Winterberry
Bearberry

STREETS
• A street is a paved public thoroughfare in a built environment. It is a
public parcel of land adjoining buildings in an urban context, on which
people may freely assemble, interact and move about.
• A street can be as simple as a level patch of dirt , but is more often
paved with a hard, durable surface such as concrete, cobblestone or
brick .
• Originally the word "street" simply meant a paved road.
• The word "street" is still sometimes used colloquially as a synonym for
"road", but a crucial modern distinction is that a road's main
function is transportation, while streets facilitate public interaction.
• Examples of streets
• include pedestrian streets, and city-center streets too crowded for road
vehicles to pass.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets

ALLEYS
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alleys
• An alley or alleyway is a narrow, pedestrian lane
found in urban areas which usually runs between
or behind buildings.
• In older cities and towns in Europe, alleys are
often what is left of a medieval street network, or
a right of way or ancient footpath in an urban
setting.
• In older urban development, alleys were built to
allow for deliveries such as coal to the rear of
houses.
• “Alley” is of French origin, meaning “a way to
go” and has been adaption in English as a name
for avenue or a parkway i.e ant type of road lined
with trees.

PEDESTRIANS WALKING DISTANCES
Walking distances, are important because they are a factor in plan configuration, and a measure of
design serviceability. The practical limit of human walking distances appears to be related more to the
context and the situation than the human energy.
For most persons the maximum tolerable distance is in the range of a normal
10 minute walk.
WALKING SPEEDS
The pedestrians vary their walking speeds over a wide range. The average free flow walking speed of
the non baggage carrying pedestrians in the surveys, for
• all males: 270ft(88m) /min
• females: 254ft(77m) /min
•and the combination of all the pedestrians: 265ft(80m) /min
PEDESTRIAN VOLUME
The equation for pedestrians flow volume,(P), in pedestrians per foot width of the pedway section, per
minute,(PFM)is expressed as follows:
Ped volume= Average Ped Speed,feet/min
Average Ped Area, sq.ft/ped

PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY AND SECURITY IN PUBLIC PLACES
•Design for the pedestrians to move about in the well-lit, wide circulation
routes that reflect the existing patterns of movement
the principle asserts the well-used and the vibrant streets are essential for the
safety. Measures that detract from the street life nay increase the risks, such as
overhead walkways and underground malls.
•Consider safety of people and property together rather than separately
In the traditional Neighbourhood Watch approaches and the Business Watch
approaches, it is sometimes assumed that the concern is about robbery rather
than the personal safety. Street crime, assault and harassment-less visible than
the broken windows and stolen property-have higher economic and social
costs.
•Use opportunities for enhancing natural surveillance.
Responsible business owners, neighbours and strangers are the best defenses
against crime. Urban plazas, parks, pathways and parking lots should be
designed not only to allow people to see and be see and be seen but also be
providedwith call boxes and graphics clearly indicating ways of helping yourself
or getting help.

•Provide good maintenance
Good maintenance is crucial for lasting design improvements. Adding lighting
does no good if not frequently cleaned or if burned out bulbs are not
immediately replaced. A broken fence no longer fulfills its function. Critical
maintenance items should be designed for easy access for easy access for
cleaning, replacements and repair.
•Make sure solutions to one problem don’t cause another
Safety is part of the integrated design objectives to improve urban quality and
public amenity.
Active, carefully designed, well lit and well maintained urban places help
address all such concerns.
•Involve neighborhoods in public safety planning
Local business owners, residents, and community leaders will know local and
nuisance patterns that pose safety risks and should be invited to serve a
significant role in creating a comprehensive urban design plan for safety and
security.

Traffic calming is becoming an increasingly important part of the effort for
cities, towns, and villages to become safer and increasingly livable,
economically successful and sustainable.
Traffic calming involves physical measures that:
•Reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use,
•Alter driver behavior,
•Improve the condition for non motorized street users.
Traffic calming slows motorized to a “desired speed” (i-e, the speeds that
the community wants);typically 20mhp(32kph) or less for residential streets,
and 25-30mhp (40 to 48 kph) on commercial streets, collector streets,
and the arterial streets. Traffic calming can be accomplished by:
•Retrofitting the existing streets with regularly spaced measures, and/or,
•Rebuilding the streets to include the new cross-sections.
TRAFFIC CALMING

ROUNDABOUTS
•Roundabouts are both traffic calming measure and a highly efficient
intersection design. They calm the traffic by introducing the three successive
reverse curves of short radius; to the right to enter the circle, and to the right to
exit the circle.
•Many roundabouts further calm the traffic by reducing the sight distance for
oncoming the motorists, with the trees or man-made features in the centre
of the roundabout.
The size of the central
island largely determines
the operating speed of
the vehicles.
cause
Small
little
and therefore
little speed
islands
deflection,
provide
reduction

Splitter islands are typically used at roundabouts that would otherwise be
signalized intersections, because:
and incoming•They reduce the disparity in speed between circulating
vehicles.
•They eliminate the possibility of right-angles collisions.

ROAD INTERSECTIONS
It reduce the severity of potential conflicts
between motor vehicles, buses, trucks,
bicycles, pedestrians, and facilities, while
comfort of people traversing
facilitating the convenience, ease, and
the
intersections.
•As is the case with other aspects of the
highway design process, designers can use a
wide range of intersection design elements in
combination to provide both
quality and safety. These include:
operational
• Traffic islands to separate
conflicting vehicle movements
• Street closures or realignments to
simplify the number and orientation of
traffic movements through an
intersection
• Separate left and right turn lanes to
remove slow moving or stopped vehicles
from through traffic lanes
• Medians and channelized islands to
provide refuge for pedestrians and
bicyclists out of the vehicular traveled way.

CARRIAGE-WAY
Textured
pavement raised
3”-5”
Zebra crossing
Lane
Sidewalk corridor/
pedestrian path

DESIGN FEATURES FOR UNIVERSAL DESIGN FROM A MANUAL
FOR A BARRIER FREE ENVIRONMENT.
Tactile warning marking on the
ground around the obstruction
Height and design of sill and hanging
hoarding for unobstructed shopping
arcade.
Extra 1.2m to accommodate wheel chair.Street furniture at a uniform
interval of 100-200m

Location of ramps: at parking lots
Parking width of 3.6m instead of
normal 2.5m width requirement
Provision of kerbstone along both
sides to resist a slippage
Seperate 1.5m side walkway for combined
walkway traffic of wheelchair and the
sightless person.

Parking width of 2.5m with a
common aisle of 1.2m
Provision of wheel stop to
allow free passage of
wheelchair
• For free movement of wheelchair, the minimum width of walkway should
be 1.5m.
•The minimum unobstructed width of walkway should be 0.9m.
•The shopping arcade has 6m wide walkway.
•The walkways along the open space and along the service road have
minimum width and that is 3m. Thus, the walkway widths conform to
universal design guidelines.
•Ramps are introduced at the pedestrian crossing points to let the
wheelchair access the walkway from road.
WALKWAY

•The transition between walkway and the green landscaped area should be
marked with edge stone, which would protrude from the floor of the walkway
to alert the sightless persons and also to guide the movement of wheelchair.
• None of these elements generate extra cost for implementation but
demands an eye for detail.
CROSSINGS
•All pedestrian crossings will be provided with ramps. This element also does
not generate any additional cost but demands designer's attention to
detailing.
•Proper signaling system should also be installed to allow wheel chair users
and other mobility impaired individuals to cross safely. Moreover, the non-
users of the facility should be considerate in this matter.
PARKING
•A certain percentage of the parking will be transformed into parking for
disabled people. Thus, the width of parking will be transformed into 3.6 m
instead of 2.5m. Hence, the number of a part of the parking will be reduced to
0.70 (2.5/3.6) times.
•The design elements are Kerb stone, Ramps, Tactile materials to be used for
surface of walkway, Signaling, Fewer Parking Spaces.

SHOPS
• In order to design satisfactory shops, the first requirement is an understanding of those portions
of current merchandising theories which affect the design problem . Briefly, ''merchandising
psychology" consists of, first, arousing interest ; second, satisfying it .
Offices
Single/ Group
Office
Normal Maximum
Depth of Office 3.75 – 7.50 mt 9.25 m
Dist. b/w Windows 1.00 – 3.25 mt 6.00 m
Dist. b/w Columns 1.75 – 7.50 mt 11.00 m
Main Corridor
Width
1.75 – 2.50 mt 3.25 m
Side Corridor Width 1.50 – 2.00 mt 2.50 m
Height of Office 2.50 – 4.00 mt 5.00 m
•
• Large shop heights vary from 3.9m – 4.57m
• Small shop has an optimum height of 3.04m
• Basements 3m high permit economical stock storage
• Ground floors are usually 4.2m high if no mezzanine is
included.
Mezzanines should be at least 2.5m above the floor level.
Grids:
•
•
Large units between 7.3m x 10.9 on frontage and 9.14m on
depth.
Small units between 5.18m x 5.8m on frontage
Shop Layouts

VERTICAL
CIRCULATION
1. Staircase :
o Interior stairs shall be constructed of non-combustible material throughout.
o Stairs shall be constructed as a self-contained unit with at least one side adjacent to an external wall
and shall be completely enclosed.
o A staircase shall not be arranged round a lift shaft for building 15.0 mt. and above height.
o The stair-case & lifts shall be so located that it shall be within accessible distance of not more than 25
Mts. from any entrance of tenement or an office provided on each floor.
o The minimum width of treads without nosing shall be 30 cm. for a commercial high-rise buildings. The
treads shall be constructed and maintained in a manner to prevent slipping. No winders shall be
allowed.
o The maximum height of riser shall be 15 cm. in the case of office buildings and there shall not be
more than 12 risers per flight.
o Handrails shall be provided with a minimum height of 100 cm. from the center of the tread.
o Minimum headroom shall be of 2.1m.
2. Ramp :
o Inclined plane or surface connecting different levels; a stair without a risers, to enable a person to
climb without interruption and to permit the use of wheeled carts, chair or vehicles.
o A ramp when provided shall not have a slope greater than 1 : 12. Larger slopes shall be provided for
special uses but in no case greater than 1 : 8.
o Minimum clear width shall be 36” (3 feet).The minimum width of the ramps in the basement using car
parking shall be 6.0 mt.
o Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp.
o Ramps shall have level landings at bottom and top of each ramp and each ramp run.
o If ramps change direction at landings, the minimum landing size shall be 60” x 60”.
o Each ramp shall have at least 180 cm of straight clearance at the bottom.
Source: Neufert, Ernst and Peter, Architects’ Data, Third Edition, Pg -444
National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 113

LIFTS OR ELEVATORS
o The upward and downward moment of people in newly erected multi-
storey buildings is achieved by lifts.
o In large multistory building it is usual to look at the lifts at a central
pedestrian circulation point.
o Lift position should be such that it does not obstruct the main entrance to
the building and adjacent to the principle staircase.
o Area allowed varies from 0.14- 0.28 sq m per person.
o For a block of offices of not more than five stories the speed may be from
37 to 60 m per min.
o For a multistory departmental store with a restaurant on the top floor,
speed of 90 to 120 m per min.
o A lift shall be provided in buildings as prescribed hereunder:
(i)In case of Building having height more than 13.0 Mts. lift shall be
provided.
(ii)Lift shall be provided of one lift per 1000.00 sq.mts. or part thereof of
built-up area for commercial buildings.
Passenger Lift
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 971

ELEVATORS FOR DISABLED
• In multi-storey building elevators are principal means of vertical
circulation for those confined to wheelchairs and for others with difficulty
in walking.
• Minimum dims of elevator car to accommodate standard wheelchair:1100
internal depth, 900width , 700 clear door opening.
• In public building there should be sufficient space for another person to
accompany chair- bond:1400 min. width, 1100 width.
• In special residential homes large wheelchairs are to be accommodated;
dimensions:1800 depth , 1000width, 800 door opening.
• Elevator cars must be accurate in leveling and at landings.
• Photoelectric devices in doors to prevent premature closing desirable .
• Control buttons should light to operate .
• Mean height should be 1400, max 1600
• To position wheel chairs there should be clear space at least 1500 x 1500
before each lift door.

ESCALATORS
o An escalator is a moving staircase conveyor transport device
for carrying people between floors of a building. It consists of
a motor- driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up
or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain
horizontal.
o It continuously receives and discharges its live load at a
constant speed with practically no waiting periods at any
loading.
Characteristics
o These are Installed at an angle of 300but within 350.
o Installations are generally 2 speed-with the higher speed (120 fpm) utilized during rush
hours and the lower (90 fpm) at off hours.
o Moving stairways are generally available in widths of 32” and 48”, measured at hip level
between the balustrades; 40” can carry 2 persons/tread.
o 32” has a tread width of 24” and 48” width has 40” tread.
o All treads have a rise of 8” and 16” depth.
o 32” wide step-5, 000 passengers/hour, with a speed of 90 fpm, and 6,666
passengers/hour with a speed of 120 fpm.
o 48” wide step-8, 000 passengers/hr with 90 fpm speed and 10,665 passengers/hr at a
speed of 120 fpm.
Parallel Escalators
Criss-Cross Escalators
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 996, 997

SPECIFICATIONS
Source: KONE standards

Parking
• It’s the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving it unoccupied for more than a brief time.
• Specialized parking facilities are routinely constructed in combination with most buildings
to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings’ users. Parking facilities include indoor
and outdoor, the side of the road, a parking lot or car park, and multilevel structures
• These areas include the area for parking stall plus the circulation areas.
• Common angled or perpendicular parking stalls are 8 to 9 feet (2.4-2.75 m) Wide by 16 to
18 feet (4.9-5.5 m) Long.
• Standard Parking Bay is 16’X8’ or 5mt X2.4mt
• The choice of specific parking dimensions depends upon the function of the parking.
• Further ramp plays an important role to reach the parking provided in the basement. It
may be straight, curved or combination.
• The maximum ramp slope should be 15 percent. The min. width of ramp should be 22
ft. for two way traffic.
National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 107,108

Types of Parking
Open 23
Ground floor covered 28
Basement 32
Multilevel with ramps 30
Automated multilevel with lifts 16
(Area in m2 per ECS)
National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 107

 Parking spaces are usually outlined by 12-20 mm
wide yellow or white painted lines.
 When parking is facing a wall, these lines are often
painted at a height of up to 1 m for better visibility.
 Guide rails in the floor along the side have also
proved popular for demarcation of parking limits, and
can be about 50-60 cm long, 20 cm wide and 10 cm
high.
 When vehicles are parked in lines facing walls or at
the edge of the parking deck in a multi-storey car-
park, it is common practice to provide buffers,
restraining bars or railings up to axle height to prevent
cars from going over the edge.
 Where cars are parked face to face, transverse
barriers about 10 cm high can be used to act as
frontal stops.

The size and location of parking spaces required must confirm to the following standards:
 An accessible parking space must be at least 8 feet wide.
 An access aisle adjacent to an accessible parking must be at least 5 feet wide and may not be
restricted by a built-up curb ramp, planters, curbs, wheel stops ,or any other obstructions.
 Two adjacent parking spaces may share a common access aisle.
 An access aisle:
A) Must be part of an accessible route to the building or facility; and
B) Must either merge with the accessible route or have a curb ramp to the accessible route
 An accessible parking space and an access aisle must Have a surface slope of not more than
1:50 in all directions.
 An accessible parking space and an access aisle must be designated with blue lines.
SPECIFICATIONS OF PARKING MEANT FOR
BUILDING SERVING PHYSICALLY DISABLED
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Annex-D, Clause 12.21, Pg – 126, 127, 128

Building regulations require that due consideration must
be given in buildings to:
The flammability of building materials
The duration of fire resistance of the components
expressed in terms of fire resistance classifications
The integrity of the sealing of openings
The arrangement of escape routes
•The aim is to prevent the start and spread of a fire, stem
the spread of smoke and facilitate the escape or rescue
of persons and animals.
•In addition consideration must be given to effective
extinguishing of a fire. Active and passive precautions
must be taken to satisfy these requirements.
Active Precautions -:
•Active precautions are those systems that are
automatically deployed in the event of fire.
•Active precautions include smoke and fire alarm
FIRE FIGHTING
systems, sprinkler systems, water spray extinguishers
plant, CO2 extinguishing installations, powder and foam
extinguisher plant, and automatic smoke and heat
venting systems.

Passive Precautions -:
•Passive precautions are the construction solutions in the building and its components.
•Passive precautions relate mainly to minimum structural sections, casing and coatings.
•In addition to these, other important measure are the layout of rising mains,
installation of fire doors and fire windows, construction of supporting floors, water
cooling of hollow steel profiles and the dimensioning of casings and coatings of steel
profiles.
The no. of exits & escape routes required also depends on the maximum no. of
people in the area under consideration. Below are typical requirements:-
500 people 2exits
1000 3
2000 4
4000 5
7000 6
11000 7
16000 8
16000+ 8 plus one extra 500 persons
The minimum width of horizontal escape routes is also determined by
the no. of people using them. Typical values are:
50 people
110
220
220+
800mm
900mm
1100mm
extra 5mm per person
Source: Neufert, Ernst and Peter, Architects’ Data, Third Edition, Pg – 131, 138

AUTOMATIC
WATER
SPRINKLERS
Automatic sprinklers are devices for automatically distributing
water upon a fire in sufficient quantity to extinguish it
completely or to prevent its spread, by keeping the fire under
control, by the water discharged from the sprinklers.
•It consists of a network of pipes 20 mm. dia fixed to the
ceiling of the room. Pipes spaced at 3m c/c.
•Heat actuated sprinkler heads fixed to these pipes at regular
intervals. Pipes get supply from a header.
•Each sprinkler head provided with a fusible plug.
•The fusible plug in the sprinkler nearest to the fire melts and
water gushes out. Fire is thus brought under control in a short
period of time.
Types of Sprinkler Systems:
• Wet - The pipes are permanently charged with water and used for all locations except where
freezing temperatures are likely to occur or special conditions exist.
• Dry - The pipes are normally charged with air under pressure.
• Alternate - Can be arranged to be either wet or dry depending upon ambient temperature
conditions.
• Pre-action - The pipes are normally charged with air, and get filled with water when a fire actuates
a separate detectioHnaszyasrdtecmla.ss
General Special risk areas or
Storage racks
Extra Light Hazard
Ordinary Hazard
21m²
12m²
9m²
9m²
Extra High Hazard 9m² 7.5m²-10m²
Area covered by
Sprinklers:
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 189, 191
Image from http://google.com/images

Fire Exits
o Every building meant for human occupancy shall be
provided with exits sufficient to permit safe escape of
occupants in case of fire or other emergency.
o All exits shall be free of a obstructions.
o Exits shall be clearly visible and the routes to reach
the exist shall be clearly marked and sign posted at
each floor. All exit ways shall be properly illuminated.
o Fire fighting equipment where provided along exits
shall be suitably located and clearly marked but must
not obstructed the exit way.
o All exits shall provide continuous means of aggress
to the exterior of a building or to open space leading
to a street.
o Exits shall be so located so that the travel distance
on the floor shall not exceed 30 m.
o All the exits shall be accessible from the entire floor
area at all floor levels.
Access for firefighters

FIRE EXIT DOORWAYS
oEvery exit door way shall open into an enclosed stairway, a horizontal exit, on a corridor or passage
way providing continuous and protected means of egress;
oNo exit doorway shall be less than 100 cm. in width. Doorways shall be not less than 200 cm. in height.
oExit doorways shall open outwards, that is away from the room but shall not obstruct the travel along
any exit.
oNo door, when open, shall reduce the required width of stairway or landing to less than 90 cm.
oOverhead or sliding doors shall not be installed.
Fire Staircase
oFire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than 125 cm wide with 25 cm treads and risers not
more than 15 cm.
oHandrails shall be at a height not less than 100 cm from the center of tread.
oFire escape staircase in the buildings above 24 mts. height shall be a fire tower
oWidth of the same shall not be less than the width of the main staircase.
oRisers shall be limited to 15 per flight. The minimum unobstructed head room in a passage under the
landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2 m.
oExternal exit door of staircase enclosure at ground level shall open directly to the open spaces
oNo combustible material shall be allowed in the fire tower.
oThe treads shall be constructed and maintained in a manner to prevent slipping.

oMains connection rooms should be planned
in collaboration with the mains service
providers.
oThey must be in locations which can be
accessed easily by all (e.g. off the staircase
or cellar corridor, or reached directly from
outside) and they must not be used for
through passages.
oThey have to be on an outside wall, through
which connections can be routed.
oWalls should have a fire resistance of at least
F30 (minutes).
oA floor gully must be provided where there is
connection to water or district heating
mains.
oMains connections rooms must be ventilated
to the open air.
SERVICES CONNECTIONS

•Rainwater harvesting is the gathering, or accumulating and
storing, of rainwater.
•Rainwater harvesting has been used to provide drinking
water, water for livestock, water for irrigation or to refill
aquifers in a process called groundwater recharge.
•Rainwater systems are simple to construct from inexpensive
local materials, and are potentially successful in most
habitable locations.
•Household rainfall catchment systems are appropriate in
areas with an average rainfall greater than 200mm per year.
•The rate at which water can be collected from either system
is dependent on the plan area of the system, its efficiency,
and the intensity of rainfall.
•There are a number of types of systems to harvest rainwater
ranging from very simple to the complex industrial systems.
Rain Water
Harvesting
Source: http://wikipedia.com/wiki/rain waterharvesting/

GROUND CATCHMENT SYSTEMS
•Ground catchments systems channel water from a prepared catchment area into
storage.
•Generally they are only considered in areas where rainwater is very scarce and
other sources of water are not available.
•They are more suited to communities than individual families and if properly
designed, ground catchments can collect large quantities of rainwater.
•In India this includes Bawdis and johads, or ponds which collect the run-off
from small streams in wide area.
•In India, reservoirs called tanki’s are used to store water; typically they were
shallow with mud walls. Ancient tankas still exist in some places.
ROOF CATCHMENT SYSTEMS
•Roof catchment systems channel rainwater that falls onto a roof into storage via a
system of gutters and pipes.
•The first flush of rainwater after a dry season should be allowed to run to waste as
it will be contaminated with dust, bird droppings etc.
•Roof gutters should have sufficient incline to avoid standing water. They must be
strong enough, and large enough to carry peak flows.
•Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding
and to reduce evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth.
•The water shall be chlorinated using chlorine tablets or solution to maintain a
residual chlorine of approximately 1 mg/1. The tank must have an overflow
leading to a natural water coursesor to
Source: National Building Code of India
2005, Pg – 1068,1069

Sub-soil Water Drainage
Sub-soil water is that portion of the rainfall which is absorbed into the
ground.
Systems of sub-soil drainage
Clay or concrete porous field drain pipes maybe used and shall be laid in
one of the following ways :-
Natural — The pipes are laid to follow the natural depressions or valleys
of the site; branches discharge into the main as tributaries do into a river.
Herringbone — The system consists of a number of drains into which
discharges from both sides smaller subsidiary branch drains parallel to each
other, but an angle to the mains forming a series of herringbone pattern.
Normally these branch drains should not exceed 30 m in length.
Grid — A main or mains drain is laid to the boundaries if the site into
which subsidiary branches discharge from one side only.
Fan-Shaper— The drains are laid converging to a single outlet at one point
on the boundary of a site, without the use of main or collecting drains.
Building Block
Moat or cut-off system — This system consists of
drains laid on one or more sides of a building to
intercept the flow of subsoil water and carry it away,
thereby protecting the foundations of a building.
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 1070,1071

• The choice of one or more of these systems will naturally depend on the local conditions of the site.
• For building sites, the mains shall be not less than75 mm in diameter and the branches not less than 65 mm in
diameter but normal practice tends towards the use of 100 mm and 75 mm respectively.
• The pipes shall generally be laid at 600 to 900 mm depth, or to such a depth to which it is desirable to lower the
water table and the gradients are determined rather by the fall of the land than by considerations of self-cleansing
velocity.
• The connection of the subsidiary drain to the main drain is best made by means of a clayware or concrete junction
pipe.
SUBSURFACE DYKE
oA subsurface dyke is built in an aquifer to obstruct the natural flow of
groundwater, thereby raising the groundwater level and increasing the amount of
water stored in the aquifer.
oThe subsurface dyke at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural
University with the support of ICAR,
has become an effective method for ground water conservation by means of
rain water harvesting technologies. The sub-
surface dyke has demonstrated that it is a feasible method for conserving and
exploiting the groundwater resources of the Kerala state of India. The dyke is now
the largest rainwater harvesting system in that region.
ADVANTAGES IN URBAN AREAS
•Rainwater harvesting can be adopted in cities are to provide supplemental water for the city's requirements, to increase soil
moisture levels for urban greenery, to increase the ground water table through artificial recharge, to mitigate urban flooding
and to improve the quality of groundwater.
•In urban areas of the developed world, at a household level, harvested rainwater can be used for flushing toilets and washing
laundry.
•It can also be used for showering or bathing. It may require treatment prior to use for drinking.
Source: National Building Code of India 2005, Pg – 1071 Image
from http://google.com/images

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Diagram of the waste hierarchy
Solid Waste Management Strategy
Source: http://wikipedia.com/wiki/solidwastemanagement/
Image from http://google.com/images
• Waste management is the collection, transport,
processing, recycling or disposal and monitoring of
waste materials.
• The term usually relates to materials produced by human
activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their
effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.
• Waste management is also carried out to recover
resources from it. Waste management can involve solid,
liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different
methods and fields of expertise for each.

WASTE DISPOSAL METHODS
• By Dumping into a pit
• By Dumping into sea
• By Sanitary land filling
• By Composting
• By Ploughing in fields
• By Hog feeding
• By Grinding and discharging to sewer
• By Salvaging
• By Fermentation or biological digestion
• By Heating it in Incinerator
Refuse Chute System
Refuse chute system is a convenient and safe mode of collection of
domestic solid wastes from buildings exceeding 3 storeys. The internal
diameter of the chute shall be at least 300 mm. The access to the refuse
chute shall be provided from well ventilated and well illuminated common
corridor or lobby and preferably it should not be located opposite or
adjacent to entry of individual flats or lift.
Size of trolley
The size of the garbage trolley shall be adequate for the daily quantity of
garbage from a chute. For working out quantity of garbage, a standard of

STATIC
WATER
STORAGE
TANK
FOR MALES FOR FEMALES
i)
S. ELEMENTS
No.
Water-closets or part I for every 15 persons or part thereof
ii)
iii)
Ablution taps
Urinals
1 in each WC
1 for 7-20 persons
3 for 46-70 persons
1 for every 25 persons
thereof
1 in each WC
Nil, up to 6 persons
2 for 21-45 persons
4 for 71-100 persons
iv)
v)
From 101 to 200 persons add @ of 3%
For over 200 persons add @ of 2.5 %
1 for every 25 persons or part thereof
1 for every 100 persons with a minimum of one on each floor
vi)
Wash basins
Drinking water
fountains
Cleaner’s sinks 1 per floor, Min, preferably in or adjacent to sanitary rooms
o A satisfactory supply of water exclusively for the purpose of fire fighting shall always be
available in the form of underground static storage tank with arrangements of replenishment by
town's main or alternative source of supply @ 1000 liters per minute.
o The static storage water supply required for the above mentioned purpose should entirely be
accessible to the fire engines of the local fire service. Provision of suitable number of manholes
shall be made available for inspection repairs and insertion of suction hose etc.
o The static water storage tank shall be provided with a fire brigade collecting branching with 4
Nos. 63mm dia instantaneous male inlets arranged in a valve box.
Drainage and Sanitation Requirements (Office
Building)
Water requirements for office buildings is 45 lts / head / day.

PUNJAB BYE-LAWS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS
•Maximum permissible ground coverage is 40% in commercial.
•Height- Unlimited, if there is any airport in the district, then special permission is taken
from the Airport Authority of India.
•F.A.R.-1.75
•Parking- 3 E.C.S. / 100sq m. covered area on all the floors
•For open parking,1 E.C.S.-23 sq m.
•For stilt or ground floor parking,1 E.C.S.-28sq m.
•For basement parking,1 E.C.S.-32 sq m.
•Stilt & basement parking will not considered in F.A.R.
•Stilt floor’s height must not exceed 8’6” beyond the building block except in the set-backs
provided it is used for parking only.
•Multi level basement will be allowed behind the building in zoned area except
in set-backs provided it is proposed for parking purposes only and satisfy the
Public Health and Structural requirements.
•Parking grid in basements & stilt floors must be between 400-600 sq. feet.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-572, 573

MULTIPLEX
•Multiplex complex shall mean an integrated entertainment and shopping
centre/complex having atleast three cinema halls with total minimum seating capacity of
1,000 seats, set up in an area of 4,000 Sq Yards or above but not be more than 3 acres
(Balance land can be used for parking and green belt) with minimum investment to the tune of
Rs.20.00 crore including the cost of land, if owned by the developer.However, investment on
items other than land would not be less than Rs. 15 crore. Apart from Cinema Halls the
entertainment area may have restaurant, fast food outlet, video games parlors, pubs, bowling
alleys, health spa/centers and other recreational activities. The shopping centre may have
retail outlets, showrooms, shopping mall, pharmacy etc.
•FAR of 2.0 shall be allowed for Multiplex sites.
•If at any stage, FAR is increased at any level after the auction of the site, proportionate
additional price shall be chargeable
•Maximum ground coverage shall be 40%.
•Direct access on a road not less than 80 ft. wide with a road frontage of not
less than 100 ft.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.- 567,582

Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-571,582
Land Use
Multiplexes will be permitted on land earmarked for commercial use or cinemas in any
master plan or development plan prepared by the Punjab Urban Planning &
Development Authority (PUDA) or any local body. They will also be permitted on land on
which no land use restrictions are applicable under any law.
Provision of basement
The construction of double level basement shall be compulsory for parking and the
entire area of the basement shall be used for parking purposes only except the area
used for Air-conditioning plant and lift room which in no case shall exceed 10% of the
area. Basement shall be permitted only under the built up area at the ground level.
Parking
At present the norms of parking for multiplexes are @ 1ECS for 40 Sq. Yds. Of covered area
on all floors whereas as per NBC the norms for parking work out to be 1 ECS for 44 Square
Yards assuming that in a multiplex 60% area is used for commercial, 25% for cinema and
15% for food courts. After detailed deliberations considering the road network available in the
towns of Punjab and NBC provisions, it was decided that the existing norms in the Municipal
Building Byelaws for parking and other provisions of Multiplexes are in order and should be
retained as such.

FILLING STATIONS AND
FILLING-CUM-SERVICE STATION
oThe term "Filling Station'' as used in this Guide refers to a place of retail
business engaged in the supplying and dispensing of Gasoline (Motor-fuel), and
Motor-oil essential for the normal operation of automobiles.
oThe term "Filling-cum-Service Station" as used in this Guide refers to a place of
retail business engaged in supplying goods and services essential for the normal
operations of automobiles. These include dispensing Gasoline and Motor-oil; the
sale and service of tyres, batteries and other automobile accessories and
replacement items and washing and lubrication. They do not include body or
fender work, painting or other major motor repairs and over-hauling.
oGasoline Filing Stations are not recommended in local shopping areas. In
Central Business Districts, they are preferably located on the fringes of the
centre or on the traffic routes to such centres at suitable locations along the
highway. In general Commercial areas they should be carefully located along
traffic routes.
oMinimum size for Filling-cum-Service Station and Filling Station shall be as per the
recommendations of TCPO and shall not be less than 30m X 30m in case of Filling
Station and 36 mX30m in case of Filling-cum-Service Station.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-352,353,358

Ground Coverage
oMaximum ground coverage permitted both under canopy and building
shall not exceed 35% of the total area of the site.
oMaximum area permitted to be covered under the building shall not
exceed 10% of the total area of the site.
oThe area of the canopy shall not be more than 25% of the total area of the
site.
oIn case of a main road provided along with a service road or a marginal access
road, the access to the station should be provided from the service or marginal
access road and not from the main road.
oIn case of a main road provided without a service road or a marginal access, its
minimum width must be 40’
oSiting of Stations on road curves or bends is a safety hazard and should be
avoided.
oThe minimum distance of the property line of the Filling Station from the Central
line of the road must not be less than 15.00 metres or half the proposed right-of-
way of the road, whichever, is more. In case of national highways, state highways
and major roads in urban areas they should be set back so as to be outside the
ultimate right-of-way of the highway along which it is to be located. However,
variations can be approved in special cases if allowed by the competent authority
after complete investigations.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-375, 354

oFor easy flow of vehicles into and out of the Station a minimum frontage of
30.00 metres shall be provided with wide and easy entrance and exit curbs.
Vehicles entering and leaving the Station should be fully visible to the traffic on the
main road and there should not be any obstruction to view between the Filling
Station Pumps and the road.
oThe station area should have clear sign-boards (‘IN' & E X I T' boards) properly
indicating the approach and exit from the premises and these should be installed
within the site without interfering with the right of way of the highway. These
sign boards should be provided with proper lighting arrangements in the night. Any
other sign boards or bill boards should also be stated within the premises without
distracting the traffic along the highway.
oAs a general rule, the clear distance between two adjacent fuel filling stations (these
will also include fuel filling-cum-service stations) should not be less than 300 metres.
oThere should be sufficient standing space inside the fuel filling station for vehicles to
wait for their turn. In order to reduce the number of waiting vehicles, it is desirable
to have oil. air. toilets etc. installed at some distance from the fuel filling pump so that
vehicles which have been refuelled can immediately be drawn away from the fuel
pump. There should be adequate drainage arrangements in the fuel filling station
so that the surface water does not flow over the road but is collected in
suitable drains and led away to a natural course.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-355,353,360,362.

Set Backs
oFront set back of the canopy shall not be less than 6 metres However, front
set back in case of building shall not be less than 10 metres from the front
boundary of the site.
oSide set backs in case of Canopy/Building shall not be less than 6 metres
when measured from the side boundary of the plot.
oRear set back of the canopy and building shall not be less than 4 metres.
oAll the distances in case of set backs mentioned above shall be reckoned
from the boundary of the site
Height
oThe maximum height permitted for canopy/building shall be restricted to
20 feet inclusive of the parapet.
oNumber of storeys permitted within the built up area shall not exceed one
oNo mezzanine or basement within or under the built up area shall be
permitted.
Boundary Wall
oHeight of the side and Rear boundary walls shall be restricted to 4 feet.
oNo boundary wall shall be constructed on the front.
Storage Tanks
oUnderground fuel storage tanks within the site shall be permitted provided
the minimum distance from the boundary wall shall be 1.5 metres in case
of tanks being buried in earth without any masonry pit around them.

HOTEL
oIt must have a minimum plot size of 5000 sq. mt.
oFrontage should be atleast 200 ft. minimum 80ft. wide road.
oIt should have a management tie up or franchise arrangement with National / International
hotel chain of repute having at least five hotels consisting of minimum of 50 rooms each in
India /abroad.
oThe land owner can have joint venture/Development agreement /revenue sharing
arrangement with the developer / Hotelier.
oF.A.R is allowed upto 3 ( 20-25% of this FAR can be used for commercial purposes)
oGround coverage upto 50%.
oParking -1 ECS per 100 sq. mt. of covered area.

S.C.O./ S.C.F. bye laws
o 20’x 80” - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front & rear side.
o’16’6”x 75 - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front side only.
o16’6” x 66’ - includes a corridor of width 8’3” on front side only.
oNumber of stories allowed – 4.
oMaximum height of building-48’ 6”.
o1 basement is allowed.
oProvision for air light and ventilation to be made @ 10% of the basement area.
o Area of the basement not to be counted towards FAR.
oBasement shall have a clear height of 7’-6” from floor to sofit to the beam and height of
ceiling shall not exceed 8’-3”.
o10% of the basement area shall be permitted for depression for installation of AC plants.
However, no generator shall be permitted to be installed in the basement.
Booths bye laws
o10’x 30’ - includes a corridor of width 7’ on front side only.
o8’3” x 24’9” - includes a corridor of width 7’ on front side only.
oNumber of stories allowed – 1.
oMaximum height of building-12’.
o1 basement is allowed.
oProvision for air light and ventilation to be made @ 5% of the basement area.
o Area of the basement not to be counted towards FAR.
oBasement shall have a clear height of 7’-6” from floor to sofit to the beam and height of
ceiling shall not exceed 8’-3”.
o10% of the basement area shall be permitted for depression for installation of AC plants.
However, no generator shall be permitted to be installed in the basement.
oThe shop’s width: depth ratio must be greater than 1:2.
Source- Policies in Punjab, page no.-433

What consumers valuemost
Percen
t
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Multiple services un Ambience and Shoppin
Conversation with re Entertainmentand Le
What consumers value most
The people surveyed seem show that the consumers value the availability
Of multiple services at a place rather the ambience or entertainment
associated with the place.
CONSUMER
BEHAVIOUR

SHOPPING
PATTERN
OF
PEOPLE
SURVEYED
Percent
50
40
30
20
10
0
Buy as and w hen requ Bulk Buying
visit once/tw ice a m Trying new products
Shopping pattern of people surveyed
The people surveyed seem to fall in one of the 2 categories – those who shop for
products as and when the need arises and also those who visit a store
once/twice a month and stock up. The markets need to decide on a strategy to
target the buyers who shop as and when the need arises as such people greatly
value convenience and usually buy such products from the nearby local vendors.

Percen
t
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Low er price and less PackQuantity
Higher priceand lon Value for money
Factors that influence when shopping for perishables
This chart emphasizes the traditional value seeking behavior of the Indian
consumer. Any retail format aiming to target the masses must be seen as
providing the best value for the consumer’s money.

FACTORS
THAT
INFLUENCE
PEOPLE
THE MOST Retailer's Recommend
Wide Range Warranty/ Guarantee
Brand Loyalty
Percent
50
40
30
20
10
0
Factors that influence people the most
Another aspect that emerged was the strong preference of the buyer for
tried and tested brands and also his penchant for variety at the point of
purchase. Traditionally, kirana stores are known to keep an inventory of
brands that their regular customers usually buy (e.g. Parachute Hair Oil)
while malls stock up on a wide range of brands in the same category. While
the customers do appreciate a large variety to choose from, the more
popular brands should be displayed prominently to attract them.

PROBLEMS AND ISSUES
Suggested Solutions could be:
Grid Lock- The inability to move on a
transport network in a grid plan.
• Ring Roads and Bye-passes
• Flyovers and Urban motorways
• Multistory car parks
• Pedestrianization of streets Congestion Charge Zone Concept: in this motorists are charged a fee for
driving in the congestion charge zone to avoid traffic jams in such heavily loaded areas.
• Park and Ride: are car parks with connections to public transport that allow commuters and others
wishing to travel into city centres to leave their personal vehicles in a car park and transfer to a bus,
rail system (rapid transit, light rail or commuter rail), or carpool for the rest of their trip.
Traffic Congestion
The problem of traffic congestion is particularly peculiar in the mornings and in the
evenings when the people go and come back from their work respectively. These are
known as the peak traffic hours. Today due to ever icreasing vehicles on our roads, it
has become a major problem to tackle especially in a commercial centre like a CBD,
where the major working class commutes in the peak hours. The main issues related
to this problem are:
• Narrow streets
• Unauthorized roadside parking.
• Ever increasing number of car ownership.
Source:
http://www.slideshare.net/HNurton
/the-central-business-district-a-
basic-outline

MICRO-CLIMATE AND CLIMATE RESPONSIVE
ARCHITECTURE
A microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area.
Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in
heavily urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and
reradiate that heat to the ambient air.
Urban Heat Island
An urban heat island (UHI) is a metropolitan area
which is significantly warmer than its surrounding
rural areas.
The main causes of this modification are:
•Modification of the land surface by urban development.
•Waste heat generated by energy usage.
•Due to increased population levels.
Climate Responsive Architecture
Architecture that effectively responds to the climate provides substantially improved natural
comfort and energy efficiency. Responding to the daily and seasonal changes in the sun and
breeze patterns of the site is an integral part of sustainable architecture. The way each of these
climatic features is handled depends on the climatic region in which the building is located. Each
climatic region requires a different design response. Climate responsive design is achieved
through careful consideration of five factors:
1. Orientation
2. Solar Access and Shading
3. Ventilation
4. Insulation
5. Building Materials
Source:
http://www.skyringarchitects.com.au/clim
ate.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimate

POLLUTION
Central Business districts are the significant areas to face the problem of pollution of all sorts
(Air, water, soil, noise etc.). It is very important to deal with the problem wisely so as to make
such high density urban areas more healthy and livable. The main effects of an excessively
polluted environment are:
• Unhealthy working class
• Unhygenic surroundings and the working conditions
• Unpleasant site of the urban district as a whole finally
loss of the commercial activity for which the centre is designed.
Suggested Solutions could be:
• Laws against the dumping of litter and sewage in the
surroundings
• Provision of litter bins and road sweeping (include a
relatively recent addition of different types of bins to
encourage recycling)
• Clean Air Acts
• Vehicles which run on cleaner fuels.
• Encouraging public and mass transport.
• Enhanced solid-waste management programs
• Increased planting of trees and plants i.e. provision of
widespread green areas in the urban areas
• Strict implementation of bye-laws with special
emphasis on ground coverage and F.A.R.
Source: http://www.slideshare.net/HNurton/the-central-business-district-a-basic-outline

LACK OF SPACE AND HIGH COST OF LAND
As the central business district forms the hub for all the commercial activities in the
city, hence the land prices are expected to be high in this case. And with the bid
rent theory governing the cost of ownership and tenancy, occupation of a space
becomes an expensive affair. The related issues are:
• Small retailers are forced away.
• High cost of ownership compared to the rental revenue.
• Business losses to the small sector occupants.
• Quick occupation and vacancy of holdings due to lower margin of profits.
• Clone town is a term (esp. used in the U.K.) for a town where the High Street or
other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by Chain stores, which
can bear the high cost of ownership and can ensure the guaranty required for such
high cost tenancy. This phenomenon is particularly damaging to the society
because of the removal of the diversity.
Some of the suggested solutions
could be:
• Providing space to tenants at competitive rates after studying the feasibility
of the retail businesses and the offices.
• There should be a check on the promoters by the authorities so that
making money is not their sole aim.
• The concept of Clone Town should be discouraged in order to provide variety
to the people at competitive prices.

URBAN DECLINE
As CBDs compete with out of town centres they experience decline especially in terms of:
• Vacant properties
• Vandalism
• Lack of maintenance in the common areas.
• No interest shown by the authorities after the commissioning of the project.
• Growth of internet etc means CBD may no longer be the attractive location it once was,
especially for those such as offices who do not need to attract passing trade.
So care should be taken that such projects
which are turned into reality by the huge
monetary investments should not face
decline as discussed above. Some of the
attempted solutions are:
• Planning mixed use of land to the farthest
extent possible. This facilitates the whole
complex to be lively at all times.
• Providing properties at reasonable prices
with appropriate maintenance so that the
problem of vacant properties can be
addressed.
• Provision of enough entertainment and
recreational facilities so as to attract more
number of people, thus promoting business
opportunities.

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT, AHMEDABAD (SABARMATI)
AUDA recently completed the draft Local Area Plan to develop the Central Business District (CBD)
along Ashram Road. Since 1960s, this 127 hectare of area between Usmanpura and Town Hall on both
sides of Ashram Road is viewed as the commercial hub of the city. However, due to restrictive zoning
and lack of planning focus, this area has not been able to achieve its full potential; even as the city
has rapidly expanded adding glitzy office buildings, hotels and apartments in the outskirts.
The HCP team was engaged by the authority to prepare a Local Area Plan for the CBD. This plan
proposes to revive and rejuvenate this central area by leveraging citywide connectivity through
BRTS, the proposed Metro and the development of the Sabarmati Riverfront Project. The plan
proposes to increase FSI from 1.8 to 5.4, increase the street network and public ROW from 22% to
about 45% and increase the green cover from 20% to 40% of the total area. The new development
regulations for this area are reformed to incentivize redevelopment by allowing three times higher
FSI, removal of ground coverage requirements and changes in the parking requirements at ground
level. At the same time they are also designed to create pedestrian friendly environment by requiring
buildings to align their façades along the roadside and requiring 6m wide arcade and active frontage
for pedestrians. AUDA displayed and exhibited this vision for Ahmedabad’s CBD using large scale
models and panels at public exhibitions.

CENTRAL
BUSINESS
DISTRICT,
LOCAL
AREA
PLAN

SABARMATI RIVERFRONT WITHIN CBD

IMPROVING
STREET
NETWORK
FORM BASED
APPROACH

INTRODUCTION
• Nehru place is a large commercial, financial, and
business centre in Delhi.
• Nehru place is a prominent commercial area in south
delhi and houses the headquarters of several indian firms.
• Its earlier name was kalkaji complex.
• It was the biggest of all the 15 district centres
proposed in the 1962 master plan of Delhi.
• Planned by Delhi development authority, the 38-
hectare site was built atop the aravalli mountain range.
• By the 1980s, it was renamed Nehru Place, after
Jawaharlal Nehru, and functioned more as a regional
commercial, financial and business centre.
• Today, it is one of Asia’s largest IT hubs.
• Hundreds of shops sell hardware from computers to
spare parts, second-hand products, and pirated software.
From textile and digital printing shops to multinational
technology companies and hawkers, Nehru Place is a
confluence of informal and corporate labour, bringing
1,30,000 people daily from all corners of Delhi.

LOCATION
INDIA NEW DELHI SOUTH DELHI NEHRU PLACE
ACCESSIBILITY
As Nehru place lies next to the outer ring road, an arc that encompasses major parts of
south Delhi, it can be easily accessed by all
forms of public transport.
It has its own delhi-metro station on violet line.
It has its own bus terminal, popularly known as nehru place bus
terminal. 30 minutes from nizamuddin railway station and 1 hour
from new delhi railway station.
Metro
Station
Bus
Termina
l
Lotus
Temple
N
KALKAJI
CHIRAG
ENCLAVE
ST.NAGAR
DELHI METRO VIOLET LINE
OUTER RING ROAD
LALA LAJPAT RAI ROAD
ARTERIAL ROAD
CORE COMPLEX
OFFICE TOWERS
SATYAM CINEPLEX
MULTI-LEVEL PARKING
EROS HOTEL

Metro
Station
Bus
Terminal
Lotus
Temple
Delhi Metro Violet Line
Outer Ring Road
Lala Lajpat Rai Road
Arterial Road
Core Complex
Office Towers
Satyam Cineplex
Multi-level Parking
Eros Hotel
N
KALKAJI
CHIRAG
ENCLAVE
ST.NAGAR

Planned grid complex
DDA plots divided in such a way
that buildings meet at right angles
Several G+5 buildings
flanking a large pedestrian
courtyard
Parking areas and Office
towers {G+15 or more}
surround the complex.
Parking
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS

Planned grid
complex
DDA plots divided in
such a way that
buildings meet at
right angles
Several G+5
buildings
flanking a large
pedestrian
courtyard
Parking
areas and
Office
towers {G+15
or more}
surround the
complex.
Parking
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
Outer Ring Road
Arterial Road
Core Complex
Office Towers
Satyam Cineplex
Multi-level Parking
Eros Hotel

Planned grid
complex
DDA plots
divided in such a
way that
buildings meet at
right angles
Several G+5
buildings
flanking a
large
pedestrian
courtyard
Parking
areas and
Office
towers
{G+15 or
more}
surround
the
complex.
Parking
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
Outer Ring Road
Arterial Road
Core Complex
Office Towers
Satyam Cineplex
Multi-level Parking
Eros Hotel

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
courtyard

CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
courtyard
Parking
Plaza
Office
Retail

6%
76%
18%
Retail
Offices
Parking

DEMOGRAPHICS : Morning { 10.00am}
High density in office
complexes
Consumers sparse
Office-goers
Consumers

DEMOGRAPHICS : Afternoon{ 2.00pm}
Office-goers visit the
plaza for lunch
Consumers increase in
number

DEMOGRAPHICS : Evening
2.00pm}
Office-goers leave
Plaza extremely
crowded with
shoppers and hawkers

PARKING LAYOUT {G+1}
Ticket
Booth
Administration
Staircase
Lift Lobby
Washroom
Parking Bays

PARKING LAYOUT {G+4, G+5 and G+6}

EROS INTERNATIONAL HOTEL
Location
(managed by The Hilton Group)
: S-2, American Plaza Nehru Place
New Delhi- 110019
: Near Satyam Cineplex
: 5 Star Business Class
: 218
: 12 noon
: Above Rs. 5000
: 24 hr In-room dining, Bar/Pub, Business
Landmark
Category
Total rooms
Checkout time
Tariff
Hotel Amenities
Centre, Clubs
and discotheques, Coffee Shop, Conference room,
Restaurant , Swimming Pool, Travel Desk, Wi-Fi
Government
Approved : YES

Terrace
Hotel Rooms
Service Floor
Banquets (3): Capacity- 350 people each
- The Royal Ballroom: 2nd largest banquet venue in the city;
for social functions or conferences; divisible into three
soundproof sections.
- The Viceroy’s Room: Instilled with art audio-visual equipment
- The Governor’s Room: Serves as a Business Centre with
support facilities.
Hotel Lobby (3 restaurants, shopping arcade, a tea lounge, a
bar)
Health Club (Gymnasium ,Spa) + Beauty Saloon
Underground Parking
FLOOR WISE
DISTRIBUTION

EROS Hotel
Bus Terminal (200 m)
2 minutes by walk
Indira Gandhi International Airport(21.5 kms)
Route: 32 minutes
New Delhi Railway Station(12.9 kms)
Route: 23 minutes
Metro Station
LOCATION +
ACCESIBILITY
LOTUS TEMPLE(1.1 km)

ATRIUM
HOTEL BAR
SWIMMING POOL
MAIN
ENTRANCE
SHOPPINGARCADE
SERVICE AREA
BLOOM’S
RESTAURANT
SAHIB SINGH
RESTAURANT
TEA LOUNGE
(24)
(60)
LAWNS
CHANGINGROOMS
CHANGING ROOMS
PLAN- LOBBY
FLOOR

PLAN- LOWER GROUND
FLOOR
LIFT
BEAUTY
SALOON/
BARBER SHOP
SPA
GYMNASIUM
WAITING
HALL

ᴥ The Hotel Atrium presents correct
mix of style
and grace. Enough circulation space
available.
ᴥ The Royal Ballroom, 2nd largest banquet venue
in the city accommodates up to 350 people for
social functions or conferences.
ᴥ Jynxx, one
of the finest
discotheques
further
attracts the
high profile
celebrity
guests.

ᴥ BLOOM’S, the 24hr
multi- cuisine
restaurant has a display
kitchen . Also, the pool
side dining area is like
a treat for the guests.
ᴥ The Seven feet deep pool situated right at
the centre of the lawns is one of the
recreational area of the hotel.
Since it is located in the lawns, one cannot
access the pool during rain showers.

OFFICE BUILDING
MAIN ENTRANCE TO
THE BUILDING
CAR PARKING

Swot ANALYSISSTRENGTH
• Nehru place is located on the Outer Ring Road so it can be
easily accessible by the other parts of the Delhi.
• As the market is just opposite to Kalkaji Colony and
CR Park so it makes the market secure.
• Moreover police patrolling is also there when the market
shut downs.
• Being an IT Hub, the market caters more to the people of
age group 25-35 years because of there shops or job or
shopping, etc.
• Nehru Place is designed in such a way that large open
• spaces are there between the towers, in form of courtyards
and parking. Due to long courtyard connectivity fresh air
enter these corridors with a thrust.
• Parking are designed near to the Towers which makes it
easy for the crowd and the employees and also to the
transporters.
• Office blocks are on the second floor which are totally
segregated from the loud and the crowd.
•WEAKNESS
•Since it was not planned to accommodate these
numbers, the result is congestion, lack of
sanitation, and a degenerating infrastructure
in and around the areas surrounding Nehru
Place.
•The market is not so User Friendly, i.e. can’t
be easily accessed by handicaps and senior
citizens find it difficult to climb the stairs
SWOTANALYSIS
OPPOURTUNITIES
•There can be green spaces or recreational
spaces which
socialise the office employees and the
shopkeepers.
•The hawkers can be assigned a more specific
corners/blocks or square rather than the central
open courtyards.
•THREATS
The United States has named New Delhi's
popular Nehru Place as among the world's
notorious markets for pirated and
counterfeited products including software.
•The ever growing number of hawkers also
cause a threat to the placemaking of nehru
place causing congestion in movement.
•There have been many bomb scares in
nehru place in last
decade.
•The security is less as compared to the
footfall.

Central business district

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