Vegetables!

1. HANOI UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
FACULTY OF AGRONOMY
TOMATO PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
in Dang Xa – Gia Lam - Hanoi
Instructor: Ph.D Tran Thi Minh Hang
Group 2: Hoang Thi Yen
Tang Thi Thanh Huyen
Do Van Thanh
Hoang Thi Thao

2. CONTENTS
I. Introduction.
II. Contents and methods of research.
1. Purposes.
2. Contents.
3. Research Methods.
III. Results and discussion.
1. Natural conditions and socio-economic conditions of the commune
2. Production and consumption of tomato.
3. The advantages and disadvantages in the production of tomato
4. Solutions contribute to the development tomato production in Dang
Xa commune
IV. Conclusions and suggestions 2

3. I. INTRODUCTION
 Vegetables: crops which cannot lack and be replaced in daily diet
of human.
 Vegetables provide lots of vitamins, proteins, lipids, minerals and
photochemicals… that other foods cannot be replaced
 Vegetables are plants with high economic efficiency
 The area and production of vegetables in the worldwide and
Vietnam have continued to increase
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4. NUTRITIVE VALUE IN TOMATOES
 Vitamins: Carotenoid ( 1-2 mg%), C (20-40 mg%), B1 ( 0.08-0.15 mg),
B2 (0.05-0.07 mg), PP (0.5-1.65 mg).
 Minerals: K (114-207 mg%), P (23-36 mg), Na (8-45.8 mg), Ca (7-20
mg).
 Carbohydrate: 50% of dry matter, 2-4% of fresh weight.
 Organic acids: citric acid, malic acid occupy 12-13% dry matter, 0.4-
0.6% of fresh weight.
 Lipids occupied 24% of seed weight.
 Tomatoes can be eaten by cooked or raw.
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5.  Dang Xa is a commune in Gia Lam district where the natural area is
587 ha, occupying 486 ha of arable land.
 Dang Xa has favorable geographical location, infrastructure and
natural conditions for tomato production.
 However, actual production of tomatoes here still faces to many
difficulties such as fragmented and small producing state, do not
follow regulations, consumer heterogeneity and uncertain.
 From the above situations, we carried out the research : “Production
and consumption of tomatoes in Dang Xa - Gia Lam – Ha Noi”.
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6. II. CONTENTS AND METHODS OF
RESEARCH
1. Contents
- Object: Tomatoes ( Lycopersicum ).
- Location: Dang Xa commune, Gia Lam district, Hanoi.
- Time: 15-03-2014
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7. 2. Purposes:
- Surveying about techniques, fertilizer, density, care and
situation…of tomato production.
- Surveying about tomato consumption
- Determining the advantages and disadvantages in production to
make appropriate solutions for tomato production in Dang Xa.
3. Research Methods.
- Field Survey and field observations.
- Interviews with 5 household directly.
- Find out the information, data from books and internet.
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8. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Natural conditions and socio-economic conditions
of the commune
1.1 Natural Conditions:
1.1.1 Geographical location:
- Gia Lam District is located in the northeast of the capital with
the important intersections: Highway 5 and Highway 1 to connect
other provinces; railways, Gia Lam airport, Hong River, Duong
River
- The center of economic growth triangle of Ha Noi- Hai Phong
- Quang Ninh
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9. 9

10. 1.1.2 Topography:
Most the areas in Gia Lam are terrain flat with alluvial deposits
of the Red River, the average alluvium thickness from 90-120cm.
These conditions are favorable for the development of agriculture,
particularly in production and trading of fresh vegetables.
1.1.3 Climate characteristics:
- A humid tropical climate, hot and rainy in summer, cold in
winter.
- The annual average temperature is 24.3oC, average relative
humidity of 80%. Average annual rainfall is 1585.5mm,
approximately 144 days of rain each year .
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11. 1.2. Socio-economic conditions:
- Gia Lam District is a developed urban area. The district has 3
supermarkets and 17 markets
- Cultivated rice area has been gradually replaced by areas of
vegetables, flowers and ornamental plants etc. forming some of
safe vegetable production areas as Dang Xa Co-op, Van Duc
Co-op etc.

12. II. PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF
TOMATOES
2.1. Soil type and cultivation techniques.
+ Dang Xa commune soil mostly is sandy loam
+ Before planting farmers must clean weeds and plow carefully
+ After making soil small, make the planting beds, then mix
manure and phosphorus (or NPK) into the soil, after that put into
each plant hollow
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13.  Make the planting bed:
- In rainy season: narrow and high bed with bow-shape
0.7 – 0.8m wide, 30-35cm height
- In dry season: wide and flat bed with sag shape
1 – 1.2m wide, 20 – 25cm height, furrow 30 – 35cm
Spacing: - row-row: 70cm
- plant – plant: 55 – 60cm
 Plant populations: 1000 – 1200 plants/sao
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14. 14

15. 2.2.Growing season:
+ Summer – Autumn: May - Jul.
+ Early Winter – Spring : Jul. - Sep.
+ Mid Winter - Spring : Sep. - Nov.
+ Late Winter - Spring : Nov. - Jan.
+ Spring – Summer : Jan. - Apr.
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16. 2.3. Crop rotation formula:
+ Formula 1: Cabbage (Oct. – Feb.) – Tomato (Feb. – Jun.) – Yard
– long bean (Jun. – Oct.)
+ Formula 2: Sweet potato (Jan. – May) – Soybean ( May – Aug.) –
Tomato (Sep. – Dec.)
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17. 2.4. Fertilizer
 Applied amount per 1 sao: manure, 3- 4.5kg P, 5.2- 5.6kg
N, 5- 5.6kg K
 Basal application: 100% manure+ 100% phosphorus
fertilizer (compost or NPK), fertilizers are spread on the
soil of bed.
 Top dressing: applies N, K in 3 – 4 times during main
growth stages. Each time includes 1.3 -1.4kg N ; 1.25–
1.4kg K
- First application: 10-15 days after transplanting.
- Second application: starting to flower.
- Third application: flowering and fruit setting.
- Last application: after first harvesting.
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18. 2.5.Watering.
- After planting, farmers watering tomatoes in the morning or
afternoon
- Watering should be frequently and throughout.
- Farmers can combine with fertilizer application.
- Furrow irrigation should be applied in critical periods
(flowering and fruiting stage).
- Overall the canal and ditch system in the local are still low
- In winter, lack of water to irrigate vegetables, therefore should
upgrade to the irrigation system adjusted to suit the amount of
water needed.
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19. 2.6 Weeding, break and turn up the soil
+ Farmers in the local knew the importance of weeding, cultivating.
+ Break and turn up the soil: usually 2 times before staking.
- First time: After planting about 10-12 days, when the trees are
rooted, combined with weeding and first top dressing.
- Second time: about 1 month after planting.
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20. 2.7. Pests and diseases
a. Pests:
- Leafminer: occurs early in the fruiting period, defoliation can
reduce yield and fruit size and expose fruit to sunburn
- Fruitworms: consume the tomato’s interior and leaves, a cavity
filled with fluid and droppings. The tomato quickly decays and rots.
- Thrips: feed on the lower surface of leaves, buds,
flowers and fruits; also are vectors of the tomato spotted wilt virus.
- Whiteflies: Leaves may dry out and turn yellow, and tomato
growth will be stunted.
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21. b. Diseases:
- Bacteria wilt: Affects to all stages but most serious during
reproductive stage and fruiting stage.
- Late blight: can infect and destroy the leaves, stems, and fruits
tomato plants.
- TYCLV: can be easily recognised when tomato plants are
infected at the seedling stage. TYLCV causes severe stunting of
young leaves and shoots.
- Powdery mildew: White, powdery spots appear on leaf
surfaces, spreading to cover leaves and even stems. The leaves
will then turn yellow, die and drop off. Plants will have a lower
yield and shortened fruiting season. The fruits have less flavor
than healthy fruit.
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23. 23

24. METHODS TO CONTROL
 Farmers early detect these diseases and find the appropriate
control methods.
 Limit using of chemicals pesticides as drugs can kill natural
enemies that are useful in crop fields.
 Farming practices to remove crop residues after harvesting
 Plowing soil deeply (10-15 cm), exposed to the sun from 10-
15 days before planting
 Farmer should do seed treatment before sowing and watering
to avoid harmful moisture for the roots.
 Applying crop rotation and thinning
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25. HARVESTING AND CONSUMPTION
 Harvest at right maturity and at right time
 Pick fruit carefully to avoid mechanical injury
 Productivity: >3kg / plant.
 After harvesting, tomatoes are sold out to traders at the farm or
retail markets, no seeds remain for next season.
 Price fluctuates from 5000 – 9000 VND/kg
 Mid Winter-Spring: harvest on the Lunar New Year period so price
in this growing season is the highest reaching 15,000 VND / kg.
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26. NĂNG LỰC SẢN XUẤT VÀ CUNG ỨNG CÁC LOẠI
SẢN PHẨM:
Sản
phẩm
Sản
lượng
(tấn/năm)
Diện tích
(ha)
Sản
phẩm
HTX Đặng Xá, 2013
Sản
lượng
(tấn/năm)
Diện tích
(ha)
Bắp cải 4,432 80 Đậu đỗ 665 20
Su hào 831 30 Dưa chuột 208 5
Súp lơ 624 15 Cải thảo 166 5
Cải ngọt 291 15 Cải củ 67 2
Cải xanh 166 10 Cà pháo 1,247 15
Cải ngồng 111 5 Rau thơm 166 3
Mồng tơi 831 20 Rau ngót 111 2
Rau dền 299 18 Ngọn bí 1,108 20
Rau ngót 111 2 Cà chua 1,248 15 26

27. 3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
IN PRODUCTION
1. Advantages:
- Farmers in Dang Xa: a long tradition of growing vegetables,
many experiences in production, and hardworking.
- Soils with a light mechanical is advantaged for the cultivation
- Demand of vegetables is increasing.
- Location of tomato production has convenient
transportation
- Dang Xa commune is located in the suburban of Hanoi to
provide tomatoes consumed within the city and surrounding
areas.
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28. 2. Disadvantages:
- Natural disasters: such as hurricanes, floods, frost, fog...
- Farmers are dependent on weather conditions
- Awareness of farmers is limited about fresh vegetables issues,
using pesticides indiscriminately
- Capital of households is limited.
- Lack of good quality seeds.
- Plant structure is unsuitable
- Lack of uniformity, specifically each household plants different
crops on the same 1 unit area leads to considerable care,
technical progress can not be applied simultaneously.
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29. 4. SOLUTION CONTRIBUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT
 Farmers should focus on the investment for techniques,
resulting in a brand safe vegetables for consumers to know and
trust.
 Open technique training programs to help farmers access to
scientific and technical progress and apply in production.
 Government should increase investment on financial inputs to
farmers so they can invest for their production.
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30.  Dang Xa is conveniently located in the transport and
consumption of vegetables in the Hanoi area so should actively
find markets for farmers.
 Applying the technical equipment: house roof, low arch or
specialized nets.... which are cheap materials, suitable
conditions of each household.
 Updating good varieties, suitable with the natural conditions of
the area.
 Constructing of infrastructures such as irrigation systems,
roads…
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31. IV.CONCLUSIONS
 Natural conditions, socio-economic, market demand etc. in
Dang Xa commune, Gia Lam, Ha Noi are quite favorable for
development of vegetable production in general and tomatoes
production in particular.
 Price of tomatoes in still unstable
 Production system stops at small, unbranded household level
which limits the prestige and consumer markets.
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32. SUGGESTIONS
 The solutions to developed vegetable production, especially the
production of safe vegetables should be implemented
uniformly: management agencies to organize production and
supply.
 Raising proficiency, technical to farmer by opening the
technical training on vegetable cultivation…
 Using the technical methods for safe vegetable production to
improve quality, productivity and income for farmers.
 Building the storehouses for storage equipments of agricultural
products in the local.
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33. REFERENCES
 Ph.D Tran Thi Minh Hang, ‘Crop Management Systems
For Vegetable Production’ Course, Jan 13 – April 04 2014
 PGS.TS Tạ Thu Cúc, Giáo trình cây rau, Nhà xuất bản Đại
học Nông Nghiệp Hà Nội, 2007, 113-138 pp
 http://www.sanbanbuon.vn/htx-dich-vu-nong-nghiep-dang-xa-
c11p42.html
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34. Thanks for your attention!!!
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