38. 34. George Mason
• Anti-Federalist who was concerned that
the new Constitution was too powerful
and would take away the rights of the
people and the states.
39. 35. Great Compromise
• Set up Congress into 2 houses.
• House of Representatives:
Based on state’s population.
• Senate- Two for each state.
41. 37. Branches of Government
• Executive-
President:
Carries out the
laws.
• Legislative-
Congress:
Makes laws.
• Judicial- Courts:
Interprets the
laws.
42. 38. Bill of Rights
• First 10 Amendments to the
Constitution.
• Protects Unalienable rights.
64. 58. Interchangeable Parts
• Eli Whitney.
• Parts are made exactly the same to make
it easier to replace defective parts.
65. 59. Agricultural Inventions
• Cotton Gin- Eli
Whitney- Created a
demand for slaves.
• Steel Plow- John
Deere- Increased
agricultural
production.
• Mechanical Reaper-
Cyrus McCormick-
Increased grain
production.
66. 60. Transportation
• Steamboat- Robert Fulton.
Decreased travel time on water.
• Canals- Man made waterways
found mainly in the Northeast.
Connected cities by water.
• Railroads- Fastest form of
transportation on land. Led to
growth of cities and westward
expansion.
67. 61. Commerce
Maryland,
• McCulloch v. Maryland- you can’t
Supreme Court case tax the
Bank of
which stated Congress the U.S.
had the power to carry
out its power stated in
the Constitution.
• Gibbons v. Ogden-
Supreme Court case
which stated Congress
could regulate interstate
commerce.
68. 62. Improvement in
Communication
• Telegraph- Samuel Morse.
Allowed people to communicate
over long distances.
70. 63. Manifest Destiny
• Belief that the U.S. was destined to
run from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Oceans.
71. 64. U.S.-Mexican War
• Occurred over the annexation
(addition) of Texas.
• After its victory, the U.S. acquired most
of the present day American Southwest
(Mexican Cession).
73. 65. Andrew Jackson
• His election was
one for the
Common Man.
• Believed in a
strong national
government.
• Hero of the Battle
of New Orleans.
74. 66. Democratic Party
• Revolved around the beliefs of
Jackson.
• Strong Federal Government.
• Supported by Southerners and slave
owners.
75. 67. Daniel Webster
• Represented the viewpoint of the North.
• Believed in preserving the Union was
most important.
Remember what George
Washington said about
what geographical
differences will do to our
country.
76. 68. Henry Clay
• “Great Compromiser”.
• Worried how the spread of slavery would
affect Western Territories.
Lets make a
deal.
77. 69. John C. Calhoun
• Represented the South.
• From South Carolina.
• Believed in slavery and states’ rights.
Long live
slavery and
states’ rights!
78. 70. Protective Tariff
• Tax on
imports meant
to protect U.S.
industries.
• Made imports
more
expensive and
encouraged
people to buy
products
made in the
U.S.
79. 71. States’ Rights
• Belief that
states don’t
have to
follow
Federal law if
that state
feels that law
violates the
Constitution.
80. 72. Nullification Crisis
• Occurred when
South Carolina
refused to enforce
the Protective Tariff
of 1828.
• President Jackson
threatened to
enforce the tariff
• South Carolina
threatened to
secede from the
Union.
81. 73. Indian Removal Act of 1830
• All Indians East
of the Mississippi
would be moved
to Indian Territory
(Oklahoma)
• The Indian’s land
was wanted for
farming.
82. 74. Trail of Tears
• The Cherokee Indians were forced to
march to Indian Territory.
• One fourth of them died on the trip.
83. 75. Reform Movements
• Women’s Rights-
Led by Elizabeth
Cady Stanton. The
“Declaration of
Sentiments” from
the Seneca Falls
Convention called
for equal rights for
women.
84. 75 Reform Movements
• Public
(Common)
School- Led by
Horace Mann.
Called for
education for
all students
regardless of
background.
85. 75. Reform Movements
• Temperance-
Against the
abuse of alcohol.
Believed it
caused problems
like family
violence and
poverty.
86. 75. Reform Movements
• Abolitionist-
Wanted to do
away with
slavery. Found
in the North.
87. 75. Reform Movements
• Mental Illness and
Prison Reform-
Dorothea Dix.
Wanted to
improved
conditions for the
mentally ill and
better treatment
of prisoners.
90. 77. Compromise of 1850
• California admitted as a free state.
• Strengthened Fugitive Slave Law.
91. 78. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
• Written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
• Antislavery novel
which caused
many Northerners
to oppose
slavery.
92. 79. Kansas-Nebraska Act
• Allowed Popular Sovereignty to
determine legality of slavery in these
territories.
• Led to violence.
93. 80. Dred Scott v Sanford
• Supreme Court case which stated
slaves were not citizens.
94. 81. Election of 1860
• Abraham Lincoln elected president.
• Caused Southern states to secede from
the Union.
95. 82. Lincoln’s Inaugural
Addresses
• First Inaugural
Address- North would
leave slavery alone
but would act to
preserve the Union.
• Second Inaugural
Address- Wanted to
treat the Southern
states without malice
after the Civil War.
109. 94. Reconstruction Amendments
• 13th- Ended slavery
and made it illegal.
• 14th- Defined
citizenship and
gave equal protect
under the law.
• 15th- Granted Black
men the right to
vote.
110. 95. Andrew Johnson
• Became
President after
Lincoln’s
assassination.
Wanted to treat
the South
leniently.
111. 96. Black Codes
• Passed by
Southern states
to limit the civil To all Freedmen:
rights and Any Freedman
freedom of the found without a
freedmen. job will be fined
and possibly
jailed!
112. 97. Freedman’s Bureau
• Created to help
freedmen
adjust and to
set up schools
to educate
them. They
were given
food, clothing
and medical
care.
113. 98. Homestead Act
• Allowed any
citizen to own 160
acres of land if
they lived on it for
5 years and
improved it.
Contributed to
people moving
westward.
114. 99. Morrill Act
• Gave each state Colleges Established Under
30,000 acres of the Morrill Act
•Iowa State
federal land •Kansas State
times the •Michigan State
•Rutgers University
number of its •Penn State University
members of •University of Vermont
•University of Minnesota
Congress. •University of Missouri
States could •University of Wisconsin
sell land to fund
public colleges.
115. 100. Dawes Act
• Broke up Indian
tribes and
promoted the
assimilation of
Native Americans
into American
society. Caused
Indians to lose
most of their
lands.
