Are PES-like iniatives realistic, voluntary, conditional and pro-poor? Case of Nyando & Yala River Basins

1. Are PES-like Iniatives Realistic, Voluntary, Conditional and Pro-poor? Case of Nyando & Yala River Basin Thomas Yatich, B. Swallow, J. Sang, M. Nyabenge, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya Daniel Bundotich, Kenya Ministry of Agriculture, Anantha Duraiappah, and Makiko Yashiro, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya 2 ND World Congress in Agroforestry, United Nations Office, Nairobi

6. RUPES / PRESA time line 1998 2002 2009 2011 2007 2008 2006 2010 First discussions with IFAD RUPES 1 began RUPES 1 implemented RUPES 1 Reporting; Development of RUPES II RUPES II implemented PRESA developed PRESA implemented Pan-tropical Scoping study Scoping Study papers published 1994 Transvic Project SVEM

7. Propoor Rewards for Environmental Services in Africa G oal: smallholder farmers and residents living in the highlands of East and West Africa benefit from fair and effective agreements between stewards and beneficiaries of ecosystem services. Objectives: 1. Foster workable environmental service agreements. 2. Catalyze policy support and private-sector participation in environmental service agreements 3. Community of Practice: Provide support to researchers, NGOs and government agencies interested in pro-poor rewards for environmental services in Africa

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10. Njaa Marafuku Kenya PES-Like Initiatives - Help in meeting the UNCCD objectives at the local level -Is pro-poor -Is a Ministry of Agriculture initiative Muhoroni East Sub-location Widows and Orphans Group

11. Compliance with envtal Management PES-Like Initiatives -Developed because of initial conflicts with adjacent community -Seen as meeting good citizen requirements -Could provide opportunities for eco-labelling Chemomi Factory wetland

12. Public programs for ecosystem restoration PES-Like Initiatives -Other programs: De-silting dykes, clearing irrigation drains Food-for-work program

13. On-farm improvements and potential to provide Ecosystem services PES-Like Initiatives Mr. Ruguts Farm

14. Criteria-indicator based Evaluation of PES-Like Initiatives Case studies/criteria and Indicators Realistic Mechanism Conditional Mechanism Voluntary Mechanism Pro-poor School linked conservation, health & Nutrition initiatives Initiatives addresses threats to forests, catchments & effects of degradation through re-afforestation Membership and payment (both in kind & financially ) to benefit from the school feeding programme Yes. But membership or participation in the school feeding program is due to lack of alternatives The core of these initiative is meeting welfare and poverty reduction goals. It strongly meets this criterion. Sunset Birders Addresses degradation of wetlands and protection of CITES protected species Harvesters of papyrus get rewarded through increased earnings by adopting good harvesting practices Harvesters who not adhere to the bylaws are sanctioned. It is voluntary but with regulations Yes. Apart from sustaining materials, LVSB try to provide alternatives for the local communities Irrigation linked conservation & rehabilitation programs Addresses sedimentation of canals, dykes & roads Conditional upon provision of service-participate in food-for-work Participation is motivated by household food needs. Designed to benefit the poor and those with food/nutritional needs.

15. Realistic Conditional Voluntary Pro-poor Njaa Marufuku Tries to address impacts of desertification and nutritional needs Conditional upon membership and participation group activities Yes, but driven mostly by membership benefits like income & reduced stigma Yes. Targeted at meeting the needs of the poor and the HIV/AIDS infected & affected people Private & publicly funded rehabilitation programs Addresses sedimentation of canals, dykes & roads Conditional upon provision of a service-participate in food-for-work Participation is motivated by household food needs Designed to benefit the poor and those with food/nutritional needs. Fair Trade Initiatives Eco-labelling and premiums address market and corruption related issues Conditional upon membership with perceived benefits motivating participation Yes. Members get registered based on the extent they think their interests would be met There is no guarantee that the participants are the poor, but outgrowers are poor relative to Estate owners

16. Realistic Conditional Voluntary Pro-poor Artificially constructed Treatment systems Compliant- based but try to address pollution of wetlands Conditional upon NEMA EIA requirements Some companies voluntarily do this because of pressure from communities & NEMA-not voluntary Aimed at not harming the poor by not discharging effluents to natural wetlands LVEMP linked spring protection Associated projects like agroforestry enhance land cover thereby reducing sediments and regulatory services including disease regulation Farmers pay a fee for maintenance and participate in spring protection activities but water use is not limited by their participation Yes. Smallholders participating do not have rights over water but most community members can access and use the water. Not necessarily. Obtaining water from a nearby source enables farmers to devote saved time on more productive economic activities like agriculture. Kakamega Sweet potatoes and Tissue Culture project Addresses nutritional related issues which have resulted from decline in soil fertility due to degradation Conditional upon membership and participation Yes to some degree. No one is forced to become a member but this is motivated by the perceived social and health benefits Yes. Contributes to the nutritional and food needs of the poor mainly women