Presentation on Prefabricated construction systems in India- Precast Status and needed Impetus by Prof S. K. Singh,Sr. Principal Scientist & Professor, AcSIR, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
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Prefabricated construction systems in India- Precast Status and needed Impetus
1. Prefabricated construction systems in India-
Precast Status and needed Impetus
Prof. S. K. Singh
Sr. Principal Scientist & Professor, AcSIR
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute
Roorkee-247 667, Uttarakhand, India
2. Outline
• Introduction
• Issues
• Affordable Housing
• Why Prefabrication?
• Worldwide Status
• Prefab Technologies
• Sustainable Approach
• Advantages &
Disadvantages
• Summary
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
3. Questions to be Answered
Is it
sustainable?
What are the
benefits?
Why prefabricated
construction system?
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
5. Problems in India
Affordable Housing system is the need of today
The Ministry of Housing
estimated a housing
shortage of 20 million
houses ,with 99 percent
in the economically
weaker and lower income
groups.
Source: Ministry of housing(July 2017)
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
8. Introduction
“The partly/fully assembled and erected building, of
which the structural parts consist of pre-fabricated
individual units or assemblies using ordinary or
controlled materials, including service facilities; and
in which the service equipment may be either
prefabricated or constructed in-situ”.
Source: IS 15916:2010
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
11. Prefabrication in India
Emergence of Hindustan Housing Factory in
1950s
Partially prefabricated system developed by CSIR-
CBRI joist and plank system in Early 1980’s
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) launched on
25th June 2015
Rural housing which launched on 1st April, 2016
16 innovative pre-fabricated construction
systems adopted /developed
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
12. Status in India
Innovative technologies for
affordable housing
Techniques adopted in ancient
time
Large scale adoption of
prefabrication reduces cost
• Prasher et al.
(2016)
• BMTPC 2017
• Palanichamy et al.
(2002)
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
13. Worldwide Status
Improving the performance of
company by identifying the gaps
Sustainable construction method
Management of prefabricated
construction (MPC)
• Steinhardt et al.
(2016)
• Li et al. (2014)
• Dave et al. (2017)
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
14. Pre-cast Roofing Solutions
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
Pre-fab Brick Panels
Brick Arch Panel
RCC Planks and Joists
Ferro-cement Channels
Baffle Unit
Ribbed Units
15. Pre-cast RC Planks & Joists System
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
17. Pre-cast Roofing Solutions
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
Technology Embodied Energy /10 sqm of roof in Mega Joules
Cement Steel Aggregate Total/sq.m saving
RCC Slab 2100 2400 600 5,100 0
RC Plank & Joist 1,617 2064 444 4,125 975
RC Ribbed Slab 1,113 2,064 318 3,595 1,505
RC Channel Unit 1,344 2,352 384 4,080 1,020
L-pan units 1,155 1,320 330 2,805 2,295
Brick panel & RC
JoistBricks: 1,220 MJ
1,800 1,984 140 5,144 - 44
18. Pre-cast RC Planks & Joist System
The floor / roof is constructed with precast RC
joist and precast RC planks.
The size of precast RC plank is 300 mm wide x 30
to 60 mm thick x up to max. 1500 mm long;
precast RC joists 150x150 mm in cross-section
and up to 4.2 m long.
The components are produced on casting
platform at construction site.
As soon as the walls reach the floor/roof level, the
components are created, and partly filled with
concrete to form the floor roof.
This results 20% saving in overall cost, 25% in
cement and 10% in steel as compared to
conventional R.C. slab floor/roof.
19. SK Singh, CSIR-CBRI,
Roorkee
Pre-cast RC Planks & Joist System
Suitable For Single/Multi Storied
Houses
Economical to RCC slab
Saves shuttering, construction
time & materials
Manual handling of components
Amenable to entrepreneurship
development
Widely accepted in cost effective
housing
Conventional water proofing
methods
20. Standards used
Country Codes
New Zealand Standards New Zealand 1995 covers many
aspects of seismic designs,
Precast R.C. structures
U.S.A. Design Guides and Manuals by Precast/Pre-
stressed concrete Institute
Canada CPCI (Canadian Pre-stressed Research
Institute) Design Handbook;
NBCC (National Building Code of Canada)
Japan Design and construction of precast R.C.
buildings by AIJA
(Architectural Institute of Japan)
Mexico Mexico City Building Code
India IS 15916: Building Design and Erection using
Prefabricated Concrete –Code of Practice
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
21. White Space Mapping
2255
294 294
110 70 68 41
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
No.ofscientificpublications
World USA China Germany Italy Canada India
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
24. Precast sandwich panel system
Advanced Building System
EMMEDUE (Expanded
polystyrene core panel)
Rapid
Panels
Glass Fibre Reinforced
Gypsum (GFRG)
Panel System
Concrete
wall Panel
System
QuickBuild
3D Panels
Reinforced
EPS Core
Panel
System
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
26. Light gauge steel structural system
• Light Gauge Steel
Framed Structure1.LGSFS
• Light Gauge Steel
Framed Structure
with Infill
Concrete Panels
2.LGSFS-
ICP
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
27. Steel Structural Systems
1
• Factory Made Fast Track
Building System
2
• Speed Floor System
3
• Composite Engineered Steel
Building Solution System
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
28. Precast Concrete Construction Systems
Industrialized 3-S system
Waffle crete slab
Precast Large Concrete Panel System
3D Monolithic Volumetric Construction
System
Types
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
29. Prefabrication: A Sustainable Approach
Sustainability: Meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations.
Prerequisites :
Judicial use of construction materials there by
conservation of natural resources.
Use of products that avoid toxic or other emissions.
Reduction in waste materials during construction &
utilizing C & D wastes in construction.
Reducing emissions during the production of
construction materials.
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
30. Prefabrication: A Sustainable Approach
Using more durable materials in buildings thereby
requiring lesser maintenance cost.
Use of energy efficient building materials and
products that save energy or water .
Use of products that contribute to a safe, healthy
built environment.
Use of materials which can be recycled.
Use of construction system minimizing air, water
and noise pollution during construction.
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
31. Advantages
Faster construction and low labour costs.
Prefabrication allows for year-round construction.
Mechanization in prefabricated construction
ensures precise conformity to building code
standards and greater quality assurance;
Less on-site waste ,reduced by about 40%(Vivian et
al. 2006).
Less theft of material/equipment.
less property damage due to vandalism.
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
32. Worker safety higher.
Computerization in production process.
Quality control and factory sealing.
More comfortable work environment.
Improvement in efficiency and productivity of work
force.
Prefab companies are more likely to have quality-
control programs implemented into their
manufacturing process (Phil Mitchell 2009).
Advantages
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
34. Summary
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY)- Driving force
Technology not widespread in India –
- lack of proper guidelines
- awareness and
- skilled labours
Identifying new emerging construction systems
Prefabricated affordable housing for rural and urban
poor
low cost and quality conforming
Improve in the standardisation
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
35. Emerging Trends in Housing construction
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
Precast construction
Tunnel form construction
Large area formwork construction
Lightweight concrete construction
Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) housing system
GFRG building system
EPS Panel system
44. Pre-stressed Precast Prefab Technology Using Hollow Core
Slab, Beams, Columns, Solid Walls, Stairs
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
45. Precast Concrete Panel System
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
46. Technology Using Expanded Steel Mesh Panels,
Polystyrene Beads & Alleviated Concrete
CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee-247 667, INDIA
Editor's Notes
Drawbacks of Conventional system
Advantages of prefabrication system
Sustainable approach
In the recent incident in Bhendi bazar Mumbai,G+5 structure collapsed due to heavy rain killing 33 people (31/08/2017)
Illegal construction led to the collapse killing 150 people (2013)
Deep cracks formed in RCC Column, Rebar gets exposed(August, 2015) (Case study, Source: The Constructor)
2005 kashmir earthquake
Ghatkopar structure Mumbai collapse during renovation of ground floor(Jul, 25 2017)
Growing population
Affordable housing for BPL people
Easy to build system
Everyone should have home
Drawbacks of conventional concrete can be overcome using prefabricated system
PMAY envisages construction of about 20 million houses by 2022 for urban poor
Rural Housing envisages 10 million houses in next three years
Study of all the past civilization.
Prefabrication techniques for residential building. Large scale adoption of such a Precast systems results in considerable cost reduction with the added advantages of execution speed.
1. Survey was done using questionnaire for 1 year to analyze the Constraints and drivers for the industry, Needs of the business, Relationship between sustainability and affordability, Economic affordability characteristics.
2. Adoption is measured using data on prefabrication use. It depends on annual number of housing completions, rates of new building versus renovation, new housing ownership models & types of housing constructed.
3. Global Position System (GPS), and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have been effectively applied for better performance.
Emerging technologies in prefabrication
All walls, floors, slabs, columns, beams, stairs, together with door and window openings are cast-in-place monolithically using appropriate grade of concrete in one operation.
Modular Tunnel form work is based on two half shells which are placed together to form
a room or cell. Several cells make an apartment. Walls and slab are cast in a single day.
At exterior sides of steel wire lattice infill panels are inserted, which transform the lattice into a closed structure that can
be filled with concrete.
Lightness, Ease of transportation and handling
Cost reduction
Rapid installation
Cold formed sections are used
LGS frames are manufactured in a factory and assembled in to LGSF wall structures and then transported to the construction site and erected wall by wall on a pre-built concrete floor as per the floor plan of the building
Factory Made Fast Track Modular Building System comprises of prefabricated steel structure with different walling components
The Speed Floor System is a suspended concrete flooring system using a roll formed steel joist as an integral part of the final concrete and steel composite floor
Industrialized 3-S system (Cellular Light Weight Concrete Slabs & Precast Columns)
Suitable for construction of high rise buildings resisting seismic and wind induced lateral loads along with gravity loads
Work is not affected by weather delays related to excessive cold, heat, rain, snow, etc.
Computerization in production process permits a high degree of customization, at an affordable cost;
Quality control and factory sealing and design can ensure high energy efficiency
All walls, floors, slabs, columns, beams, stairs, together with door and window openings are cast-in-place monolithically using appropriate grade of concrete in one operation.
easy handling with minimum labour & without use of any equipment.
Used since 1972 , is based on factory mass manufactured structural prefab components.
Concrete hollow column shell used which is grouted with appropriate grade of in situ concrete.
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) slabs used as floor / roof slabs.
Joints are filled with reinforced screed concrete (minimum 40 mm thick) of M20 grade minimum.
RCC screed is laid over entire area of slab before flooring / water proofing.
Based on factory made galvanized light gauge steel components.
System is produced by cold forming method.
Assembly is done using special types of screws and bolts.
Fast construction and better durability.
It is a factory produced panel system for the construction of low rise buildings upto G+3 and as filler walls in high rise RCC and steel frame buildings.
In this technique, a core of undulated polystyrene is covered with interconnected zinc coated welded wire mesh on both sided reinforcement and shortcrete concrete.
Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Panel also known as Rapidwall is made-up of calcined gypsum plaster, reinforced with glass fibers.
The panel was originally developed by GFRG Building System Australia and used since 1990 in Australia for mass scale building construction.
The panel, manufactured to a thickness of 124mm under carefully controlled conditions to a length of 12m and height of 3m, contains cavities that may be unfilled, partially filled or fully filled with reinforced concrete as per structural requirement.
Waffle-Crete Building System consists of large, structural, ribbed panels of reinforced precast concrete, bolted together and the joints between the panels are caulked to form the walls, floor and pitched or flat roofs of buildings.
The surface of each panel consists of 51 mm thick slab or skin, stiffened with the ribs around the perimeter and across the panel, giving an overall panel thickness of 152 mm or 203 mm.