Akin olagunju

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DOES CROP DIVERSIFICATION
INFLUENCE FOOD AND NUTRITION
SECURITY OF SMALLHOLDER
FARMING HOUSEHOLDS IN NIGERIA?
Akin-Olagunju, O.A.
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan.
Badmus, M.A.
National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan

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Introduction
Background
• Nigeria blessed with abundant resources that support agriculture.
• Very significant poor households live in rural areas & depend mostly on farming.
• Changes in demographic characteristics has direct and indirect effect on
production.
• Crop diversification confers access to an array of produce to make up for losses.
Problem Statement
• Rural households grapple with food security at higher scale than urban dwellers as
a result of level of development.
• Adequate quantity and quality of food needed for sustainable good health.
• Accessibility or affordability could affect access to nutritious and balanced diets

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Research Questions
• What is the effect of crop diversification on dietary
diversity?
• Does crop diversification affect food security?
Justification
• Treatment effect model applied to national data.
• Need to assess current situation for policy actions.

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• 2015 General Household Survey (GHS) data
• 2,041 households
• Fuzzy set approach
• Simpson Index of Diversification (SID) (0 to 1)
• Heckit treatment effect model
Methodology

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GHS (2015) Classification FAO (2005) Classification
1. Grains and flours Cereals
2 Starch roots, tubers and pla Root/Tuber
3. Pulses, nuts and seeds Vegetable
4. Vegetables Fruits
5. Meat, fish and animal products Meat
6. Fruits Egg
7. Milk/Milk products Fish
8. Oils and fats Legumes
9. Sugar/Sugar products/honey Milk
10. Spices/Condiments Oil/fats
11. Sugary foods
12. Beverages
Dietary diversity
Table 1: Classifications used for the food consumed by the households

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Food group Crops
1. Cereals Acha, guinea corn, maize, millet, rice, wheat.
2. Roots and tubers Cassava, cocoyam, potato, sweet potato, yam.
3. Fruits Banana, garden egg, grape, guava, mandarin/tangarine, orange,
pawpaw, pear, pineapple, plantain, melon.
4. Vegetables Cabbage, carrot, cucumber, green vegetable, ogbono, lettuce,
pumpkin, tomato, okro, garden egg.
5. Pulses, nuts and seeds Beans, beniseed, soybean, pigeon pea, groundnut, coconut, Bambara,
cashew, walnut, kolanut.
6. Beverages Cocoa, zobo (Hibiscus sabdariffa).
7. Sugar/sugary foods Sugarcane.
8. Oil and fats Oil bean, palm oil.
9. Spices and condiments Chilli, ginger, onion, pepper.
Crop diversification
Table 2: Classification used for various crop planted by the households

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0123
Density
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
cropdiversf
kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 0.0339
Kernel density estimate
Figure 1: Distribution of households’ crop diversification
051015
Density
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1
HDDS
kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 0.0068
Kernel density estimate
Figure 2: Distribution of households’ dietary diversity
Results

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Figure 3: Kernel distribution of food security indices of the
households
012345
Density
0 .2 .4 .6 .8
Index_FS
kernel = epanechnikov, bandwidth = 0.0192
Kernel density estimate
• Multi-dimensional food security index:
0.423±0.100
• Dietary diversity score: 0.864±0.056
• Crop diversification score:
0.558±0.315
• Households consumed from different
food groups
• Households also engaged in diverse
crop enterprises
• However, food security status is low
• Implication: Household general well-
being not restricted to own production
but also other externalities that affect
access such as prices.
Minimum: 0.095 Maximum: 0.786

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Attributes
Uni-dimens.
FS ratio Weight Contribution
Percentage
Contribution % FS index
NBOD Households had to rely on less-preferred
foods 0.805 0.094 0.115 11.51 4.865
NBOD Limit variety of foods eaten 0.836 0.078 0.099 9.88 4.176
NBOD Limit portion size at meal time 0.897 0.047 0.064 6.43 2.721
NBOD Reduce number of meals eaten in a day 0.925 0.034 0.048 4.76 2.014
NBOD Restrict consumption so small children can
eat 0.953 0.021 0.030 3.03 1.283
NBOD Borrow food or rely on help from a friend 0.981 0.008 0.012 1.22 0.514
NBOD Have no food of any kind in the household 0.988 0.005 0.008 0.81 0.344
NBOD Household go to sleep at night hungry 0.997 0.001 0.002 0.18 0.078
NBOD Household goes a whole day and night
without eating 0.985 0.007 0.010 0.97 0.412
Number of meals including breakfast taken in
household (adults) 0.243 0.614 0.226 22.62 9.567
Number of meals including breakfast taken in
household (children) 0.292 0.534 0.237 23.66 10.005
Do all household members eat roughly the same
diet? 0.934 0.030 0.042 4.20 1.776
Have you been faced with situation when you did
not have food? 0.820 0.086 0.107 10.71 4.529
Food security index 42.285
NBOD: Number of days … FS: Food security
Table 3: Components of the multidimensional food security index

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Figure 4: Frequency distribution for food security status and crop diversification
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Food secure Food insecure Diversify Not diversify
988
1103
1640
401
Food security Crop diversification

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Heckit Model Result
• Positive impact of crop diversification on dietary diversity
(10.9%)
• Negative impact on subjective well-being measure of food
security (-14.0%). (see slide 8)
• Food security status (53.8%) showed positive relationship with
crop diversification.

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• Type of food security measure important for outcome.
• Households benefitted nutritionally from array of crops planted.
• Need to support farming households from input and output sides.
Conclusion & Recommendation

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Thanks
for
the Attention