https://youtu.be/Hfq6J29BLnc Presentation by Dr James Tate to IAQM Air Quality Conference October 2015. http://iaqm.co.uk/event/routes-to-clean-air-air-quality-conference-2015 https://youtu.be/1WVelwAEg-c www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.tate

1. On road emissions: Results from
latest remote sensing campaign
Dr James Tate
Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, UK

2. CONTENTS
2
▶ Remote sensing Real Driving Emissions (RDE)
 Method
 Verification
▶ Results 2015
 EuroVI
 Passenger cars
 HGVs
✘ LGVs
✘ Buses
▶ Manufacturer comparison | Diesel passenger cars
▶ Recommendations

3. METHOD
3

4. METHOD
Verification of speed & acceleration measurements
4
v = speed, a = acceleration, = road gradient

5. METHOD
Verification of concentration measurements
5
Distribution of the measurement distribution of a controlled gas mixture with known relative
abundances.The binned data shows the measurements with the solid line showing a Normal
distribution derived from the measured data (solid) and theoretical (dashed).

6. METHOD
Inter-comparison of two Remote Sensing Devices
6

7. Emission ratios
From peak exhaust plume conc.
ଶ
ଶ
ை௉஺஼ூ்௒
ଶ
ଶ
Predict NO2 and total NOX
contribution using f-NO2 reported
by Carslaw (2014)
Camera
(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector
(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser
(Common
Configurations)
Camera
(Number plate)
Vehicle Detector
(Speed andAcceleration)
Source/Detector
Mirror Box
Source
Detector
Emissions Analyser
(Common
Configurations)
METHOD
Measurements
ESP RSD-4600 instrument
www.esp-global.com
7 Carslaw, D., Priestman, M. 2014. Analysis of the 2013 vehicle emission remote sensing campaigns data. King’s College London, Final
draft, 10th November 2014
Euro Standard Petrol f-NO2 Diesel f-NO2
Euro 0 2 8
Euro 1 2 8
Euro 2 3 8
Euro 3 4 16
Euro 4 7 26
Euro 5 12 26
Euro 6 12 34

8. METHOD
Estimation of Emission Factors
8
‫ܯܧ‬ ‫ܫ‬ܵܵ‫ܫ‬ܱܰ‫ݎܴܱ݃ܶܥܣܨ‬Ǥ݇݉ ିଵ
ோௌ஽ =
ܱܰ௑
‫ܱܥ‬ଶ ோௌ஽
×
‫ܱܥ‬ଶ
݇݉ ெ ஺ே௎
× ‫ݐܿ݁ݎݎ݋ܥ‬݅‫݊݋‬‫ݐܿܽܨ‬‫ݎ݋‬ ூ஼஼்
2000
2005
2010
2015
120
140
160
180
200
220
Year of registration
CO2(grams.km
1
)
https://www.theccc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Impact-of-real-world-
driving-emissions-for-UK-cars-and-vans.pdf

9. Euro VI
Passenger cars, Spring/ Summer 2015
9
Diesel_E0
Diesel_E1
Diesel_E2
Diesel_E3
Diesel_E4
Diesel_E5
Diesel_E6
Petrol_E0
Petrol_E1
Petrol_E2
Petrol_E3
Petrol_E4
Petrol_E5
Petrol_E6
Hybrid_E4
Hybrid_E5
Hybrid_E6
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
NOX(grams.km
1
)

10. Euro VI
Passenger cars, Spring/ Summer 2015
10
Diesel_E0
Diesel_E1
Diesel_E2
Diesel_E3
Diesel_E4
Diesel_E5
Diesel_E6
Petrol_E0
Petrol_E1
Petrol_E2
Petrol_E3
Petrol_E4
Petrol_E5
Petrol_E6
Hybrid_E4
Hybrid_E5
Hybrid_E6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PM(index.km
1
)

11. Euro VI
% of Passenger cars registered since Sept 2014 that are Euro VI
11
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
MERCEDES
MINI
PORSCHE
BMW
AUDI
VOLKSWAGEN
FORD
VOLVO
HYUNDI
CITROEN
VAUXHALL
SEAT
PEUGEOT
SKODA
KIA
HONDA
JAGUAR
LANDROVER
MAZDA
NISSAN
TOYOTA
%EuroVI
Diesel Petrol

12. Euro VI
NOX Heavy Commercial Vehicles, Spring/ Summer 2015
12
Artic_E2
Artic_E3
Artic_E4
Artic_E5
Artic_E6
Rigid_E2
Rigid_E3
Rigid_E4
Rigid_E5
Rigid_E6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
NOX/CO2ratio*10000

13. Euro VI
NOX HCVs – Corroboration TfL data
13
aN2rigid0%load
aN3rigid0%load
bN2rigid100%load
bN3rigid100%load
cRSDrigid
dN3artic0%load
dN3artic100%load
zRSDartic
0
20
40
60
80
NOX/CO2ratio*10000
https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/In-
service%20emissions%20performance%20of%20Euro%206VI%20vehicles%20WEBSITE%20COPY.pdf

14. Manufacturer comparison
Euro V 2.0-litre diesel cars with EA189 engine
14
#AUDI
#SEAT
#SKODA
#VOLKSWAGEN
OTHERS
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
NOX(grams.km
1
)
DIESEL
Euro V Standard
OTHERS:
2.0-litre diesel
engines from other
Marques
e.g.
BMW
FORD
KIA
TOYOTA
VAUXHALL

15. Manufacturer comparison
Euro VI
15
#AUDI
#VOLKSWAGEN
BMW
MAZDA
MERCEDES
PETROL
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
NOX(grams.km
1
)
Euro VI
Standard
EuroV EuroVI
#AUDI
#SEAT
#SKODA
#VOLKSWAGEN
OTHERS
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
NOX(grams.km
1
)
DIESEL
Euro V Standard

16. 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
0.00.51.01.52.0
Year of registration
NOX(grams.km
1
)
Euro III Euro IV Euro V Euro VI
Emission standard
Manufacturer comparison – Diesel cars
NOX emissions by manufacturer Year of 1st registration

17. Euro VI
17

18. RECOMMENDATIONS
18
▶ RDE regulations
▶ Sooner rather than later i.e. before Jan 2017
▶ Transparency in RDE testing
▶ In-service RDE testing (deterioration emission controls, SCR dosing, DPF removal)
▶ Independent + Open data
? Environmental labelling for CO2 and air quality pollutants ? A marketing incentive ?
▶ Shift inTax landscape to include NOX penalty
▶ Price fuel e.g. Belgium Diesel +10cts per litre 2016-2017
▶ VED
▶ Company car Benefit in Kind (BiK) tax
▶ Car free City centres
▶ Sustainable mobility Active travel Green space
▶ Noise

19. And finally…. improving air quality
Dr James Tate
Institute for Transport Studies,
University of Leeds, UK
Email: j.e.tate@its.leeds.ac.uk
Twitter: drjamestate