Presentation by Yadi Setiadi on how to restore degraded mine lands by using native tree species in Indonesia.

1. Restoring Degraded Mine Land
Using Native Species
Dr. Yadi Setiadi
Land Rehabilitation Specialist
Faculty of Forestry, IPB
Campus IPB, Darmaga, Bogor
ysetiad55@gmail.com

2. Function of Tropical Rain Forest
Habitat for flora and fauna
Genetic resources
Conserve soil and water
Supporting biodiversity
Natural resources
Maintaining climatic conditions
Water cycle processes
Carbon sequestration

3. Factors Forest Destruction
Poor logging operations
Illegal logging
Forest fires
Agriculture development
Timber plantations
Estate crops plantations
Shifting cultivation
Transmigration
Mining Operations
Oil and Gas operations

4. Potential Resources Under Forests
Nickel
Gold and Cupper
Coal
Tin
Oil and Gas
Others

5. Impact of Mining Operations
§ Eliminates some part of vegetation;
§ Disturbed some of the original ecosystem
§ Increases the rate of soil erosion and run-off
(sedimentation, contamination)
§ Reduces of native species biodiversity
§ Damages to wildlife habitat
§ Damages of watershed area
§ Changes natural landscape

6. Degraded mined land
§ Exposed
§ Loss of root and crown function
§ No vegetation
§ Loss of supporting biodiversity
§ No top soil and sub-soil
§ Loss of land productivity
§ Land stability
§ Land slides and erosion
§ Poor soil
§ Low seedling survival and poor growth

7. Government Regulations Related to
Forest Land Rehabilitation
§ UUD No 41, tahun 1999, Tentang Kehutanan.
§ PP, No 24, tahun 2010, Tentang Penggunaan Kawasan
Hutan.
§ PP, No 76, tahun 2008, Tentang Rehabilitasi dan
Reklamasi Hutan.
§ PerMenHut (revisi) No 18, tahun 2011, Tentang
Pedoman Pinjam Pakai Kawasan Hutan.
§ PerMenHut (revisi) No 4, tahun 2011, Tentang Pedoman
Reklamasi.
§ PerMenhut No 60, tahun 1999, Tentang Pedoman
Penilaian Keberhasilan Reklamasi Hutan.
§ PerMenESDM no 18, tahun 2008, Tentang Rencana
Reklamasi dan Rencana Penutupan Tambang

8. Restoring degraded mined land
§ Protection
• Stabilized and cover the exposed
land
§ No change in the • Reduce erosion and improve land
stability
structure and function § Conservation
of the forest • Enhancing native plant species
(biodiversity)
• Conserve potential native species
§ Repairing the structure • Improve wild life habitat
conditions
and function of the § Production
forest , related to their • Improved soil fertility (long term)
• Produce non woody products
function • Benefit for local people

9. Factors to be considered
§ Land conditions after mining (derelict)
§ Status of forest function (protected, production,
conservation )
§ Government regulations
(Revegetation Planning, successful criteria, follow guide line)
§ Post mining land use (multi stakeholder)

10. Revegetation Activities
§ Selection of native trees species
§ Planting stock production
§ Site preparation
§ Soil amendments
§ Planting techniques
§ Maintenance
§ Monitoring and Evaluation
§ Training

11. Species selection
Select adapted local species which are:
1. Relatively fast growing
2. Light demanding and low nutrient demanding
3. Produces abundance and decomposed litter
4. Perform or function as a catalytic
5. Easy to propagate and to culture
6. Low cost for planting and maintenance
7. Easy to manage
8. Appropriate to land used (forestry planning)

12. Using Local Tree species
Advantages Disadvantages
§ Recommended by the government
§ Adapted to local soil and climatic § Lack information of the utilization
conditions
§ Lack information of their ecology
§ Resistant to pest and diseases
and silvicultural techniques
§ Maintains local species diversity
§ Reduces potential booming of
§ The seeds or seedling are not
weeds available in the market
§ Minimizes genetic identity § Relatively slow growing
contamination
§ Promotes conservation program

13. Soil problems
Soil Physical Properties
} Soil texture (grain size distribution)
} Porosity (aeration)
} Depth to hard-pad or impervious layer
} Soil compaction (water-logged, root inhibition)
} Soil moisture content, surface temperature
Soil Biology
} Vegetation cover and carbon content
} Microbial population and activities
Soil Chemical
} Poor soil nutrients
} Soil reaction (pH)
} Low cation exchange capacity (CEC)
} Mineral toxicity

14. Soil Problems
Constraints Oil/Gas Coal Mining Nickel Mining Sand Tailing
pH 3.4-5.6 2.8-5.5 4.2-7.3 5.8-6.4
Compaction Fair High High Low
WHC Low Low Low Very Low
Nutrients Low Very Low Very Low Deficient
CEC Low Low Low Very Low
Al High High High Low
Fe High Very High High Low
EC High Low Low Very Low
Others Hydrocarbon Pyrite Ca<Mg Drought

15. Soil improvements
Soil amendments Functions
§ Improves root development
§ Top soil, Fertilizer, Compost, lime, § Solubilizes fixed minerals
§ Humic acid, (phosphate)
§ Bio-enzim, § Increases cation exchange
§ Bio-remedy, Mycorrhizae capacity
§ Active compost (TeraRemed) § Increases water-holding-
capacity
§ TeraBuster
§ Improves chelation of heavy
§ Tera-Brik (Soil breaker)
metals
§ Improves nutrient uptake
§ Improves potential microbes
§ Provides macro-nutrients

16. Species planted on mined sites
No
Tailing Remark
Species Coal Nickel Gold Oil/ Gas
1. Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V
2. Paraserianthes falcataria V V V V V
3 Acacia mangium V V V V V
4 Acacia auriculiformis V V V
5 Acacia crassicarpa V
6 Sena siamea V V V
7 Casia turangensis V
8 Glyricidia sepium V V V V V
9 Leucaena leucocephala V V V V V
10 Erytrhina spp V V V V V
11 Hibiscus tiliacues V V V
12. Anthocephalus cadamba V V
13 Tectona grandis V V
14 Gmelina arborea V V V V V
15 Vitex pubecens V V
16 Macaranga hypoeleuca V V
17 Mallotus spp V V
18 Trema orientalis V V V V
19 Nauclea spp V V V
20 Cratoxylon spp V
21 Syzigium spp V V V
22 Tricospermum burretii V
23 Melalueca leucadendron V V V V

17. 24 Ficus spp V V V V V
26 Alstonia scholaris V V V V
27 Enterolobium sp V V V V
28 Duabanga mollucana
29 Cananga odorata
30 Michelia champaka V
31 Octomeles sumatrana V V
32 Casuarina equisetifolia V V V V V
33 Fragea fragrans V V
34 Peronema canesten V V V V V
35 Dyera constulata V
36 Shorea spp V V V
37 Eusideroxcylon swagerii V
38 Mangeris
39 Ficus benyamina V V V V
40 Eugenia spp V V V V
41 Melastoma spp V V
42 Antidesma bunius V V
43 Syzigum spp V V V
44 Aleurites mollucana V V V V V
45 Artocarpus V V V V
46 Arenga pinata V V
47 Parkia roxburgii V V V
48 Agathis spp V V
49 Hevea braziliensis V V V V
50 Fruit Tress V V V V

18. Revegetation approaches
} Minimize application of top soil
} Minimize application of pesticides
} Enhance native tree biodiversity
} Create closed nutrient cycle system
} Domesticate potential native tree species
} Reused local and non toxic organic waste
} Involved and contribute for local people
§

19. Success Criteria for restored mined land
} The rate of seedling survival is high
} Plant growth performance is normal and continuous
} Root extension can passed on mine soil
} Crown closure is fast, stratified and diverse
} The system produces abundant litter and
decomposition
} The system is diverse and naturally regenerates
through native tree colonization
} The system creates habitat suitable for wildlife
} Land form (safe, stable and with limited erosion)

20. Success criteria
§ Adaptability
} Survival >80%
} Growth performance (normal, and progressive)
} Root development (across mined land)
§ Sustainability
} Biodiversity (Shannon index , Species richness)
} Natural colonization (abundance)
} Nutrient retention (decomposed litter)
} Wild life status (species richness)
§ Stand structure
} Plant density (800-1000/ha)
} Crown structure (3-5 layers)
} Crown coverage (60-70%)
} Species composition (Pioneer (40 %),Primary (50%),
Wildlife (10%)
§ Land Form
} Slope (leveling <30o)
} Erosion status (below threshold level)
} Land stabilization (controlled)

21. THANK YOU
and
LET S KEEPS OUR PLANET
GREEN
good for the planet, good for us