3. Some noticeable event occurring at regular
intervals
Heartbeat
Flashing light
Music
It is claimed that English speech is rhythmical
Some noticeable event occurring at regular
intervals
Heartbeat
Flashing light
Music
It is claimed that English speech is rhythmical
4. English speech is sometimes referred to as
Stress-timed
Stressed syllables tend to occur at relatively
regular intervals
This happens whether they are separated by
unstressed syllables or not
1 2 3 4 5
walk down the path to the end of the ca nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ
English speech is sometimes referred to as
Stress-timed
Stressed syllables tend to occur at relatively
regular intervals
This happens whether they are separated by
unstressed syllables or not
1 2 3 4 5
walk down the path to the end of the ca nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ
5. The time from each stressed syllable to the next
will tend to be the same, irrespective of the
number of intervening unstressed syllables
Some languages have a rhythm similar to
English(Russian, Arabic)
Others have a different rhythm(French,
Yoruba)
These are known as syllable-timed
All syllables tend to occur at regular time
intervals
The time from each stressed syllable to the next
will tend to be the same, irrespective of the
number of intervening unstressed syllables
Some languages have a rhythm similar to
English(Russian, Arabic)
Others have a different rhythm(French,
Yoruba)
These are known as syllable-timed
All syllables tend to occur at regular time
intervals
6. A unit of rhythm
Begins with a stressed syllable
Includes all following syllables up to (but
not including) the next stressed syllable
1 2 3 4 5
│ walk │ down the │ path to the │ end of the ca │ nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ
A unit of rhythm
Begins with a stressed syllable
Includes all following syllables up to (but
not including) the next stressed syllable
1 2 3 4 5
│ walk │ down the │ path to the │ end of the ca │ nalˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ ˈ
7. Some feet are stronger than others
Strong-weak patterns are produced in larger
pieces of speech
Some feet are stronger than others
Strong-weak patterns are produced in larger
pieces of speech
8.
9.
10. Analysing speech this way enables us to show
the relationship between strong and weak
elements
Also the different levels of stress
The length of any syllable can be measured
depending on the number of “s” symbols
occurring above it
This allows us to build up a metrical grid
Analysing speech this way enables us to show
the relationship between strong and weak
elements
Also the different levels of stress
The length of any syllable can be measured
depending on the number of “s” symbols
occurring above it
This allows us to build up a metrical grid
11. s
s s s
s s s s
Twen ty pla ces fur ther back
This may be correct for slow, careful speech
In normal speech, speakers may feel twen is stronger
than pla
But English speech does tend towards a rhythmic
alternation of strong and weak syllables
s
s s s
s s s s
Twen ty pla ces fur ther back
This may be correct for slow, careful speech
In normal speech, speakers may feel twen is stronger
than pla
But English speech does tend towards a rhythmic
alternation of strong and weak syllables
12. In order to maintain a s/w pattern , stress-shift
sometimes occurs
Com pact(adj) but compact diskˈ ˈ ˈ
thir teen but thirtennth placeˈ ˈ ˈ
Health row but Healthrow Airportˈ ˈ ˈ
Stresses are altered according to context
It is difficult to say exactly why
In order to maintain a s/w pattern , stress-shift
sometimes occurs
Com pact(adj) but compact diskˈ ˈ ˈ
thir teen but thirtennth placeˈ ˈ ˈ
Health row but Healthrow Airportˈ ˈ ˈ
Stresses are altered according to context
It is difficult to say exactly why
13. We vary how rhythmically we speak
“Rap” is stress timed
Public speaking can be very rhythmical
Hesitant or nervous speech can sound
arhythmical (without rhythm)
The rhythm of English speech varies on a
continuum
Stress timing arhythmicality
We vary how rhythmically we speak
“Rap” is stress timed
Public speaking can be very rhythmical
Hesitant or nervous speech can sound
arhythmical (without rhythm)
The rhythm of English speech varies on a
continuum
Stress timing arhythmicality
14.
15. So gay I can barely say it with a 'straight' face looking boy
You're witnessing a mass-occur like you're watching a church gathering
And take place looking boy
Oy vey, that boy's gay
That's all they say looking boy
You get a thumbs up, pat on the back
And a "way to go" from your label every day looking boy
Hey, looking boy, what d'you say looking boy?
I get a "hell yeah" from Dre looking boy
I'mma work for everything I have
Never asked nobody for shit
Git out my face looking boy
Basically boy you're never gonna be capable
of keeping up with the same pace looking boy, 'cause
I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God
All my people from the front to the back nod, back nod
The way I'm racing around the track, call me Nascar, Nascar
Dale Earnhardt of the trailer park, the White Trash God
Kneel before General Zod this planet's Krypton, no Asgard, Asgard
So gay I can barely say it with a 'straight' face looking boy
You're witnessing a mass-occur like you're watching a church gathering
And take place looking boy
Oy vey, that boy's gay
That's all they say looking boy
You get a thumbs up, pat on the back
And a "way to go" from your label every day looking boy
Hey, looking boy, what d'you say looking boy?
I get a "hell yeah" from Dre looking boy
I'mma work for everything I have
Never asked nobody for shit
Git out my face looking boy
Basically boy you're never gonna be capable
of keeping up with the same pace looking boy, 'cause
I'm beginning to feel like a Rap God, Rap God
All my people from the front to the back nod, back nod
The way I'm racing around the track, call me Nascar, Nascar
Dale Earnhardt of the trailer park, the White Trash God
Kneel before General Zod this planet's Krypton, no Asgard, Asgard
16. Studies of natural speech have shown that so called
stress-timed languages do not differ considerably
from so-called syllable-timed language
It may be a psychological thing
We hear a regular rhythm which isn’t actually regular
This may develop due to childhood language
E.g.nursery rhymes, chants, etc.
Studies of natural speech have shown that so called
stress-timed languages do not differ considerably
from so-called syllable-timed language
It may be a psychological thing
We hear a regular rhythm which isn’t actually regular
This may develop due to childhood language
E.g.nursery rhymes, chants, etc.
17. Sounds belonging to one word can change depending
on the environment
When a phoneme is realised differently due to
context
Sounds become more similar
More likely to be found in rapid, casual speech
In English, usually affects consonants at word
boundaries
Sounds belonging to one word can change depending
on the environment
When a phoneme is realised differently due to
context
Sounds become more similar
More likely to be found in rapid, casual speech
In English, usually affects consonants at word
boundaries
18. _ _ _ _C Cᶠ i
_ _ _ _
C may change to become more like Cᶠ i
in some way
This is called regressive assimilation
If Ci
change to become more like C , it is calledᶠ
progressive assimilation
Consonants can change in three ways:
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing
Assimilation of place is the most common
_ _ _ _C Cᶠ i
_ _ _ _
C may change to become more like Cᶠ i
in some way
This is called regressive assimilation
If Ci
change to become more like C , it is calledᶠ
progressive assimilation
Consonants can change in three ways:
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing
Assimilation of place is the most common
19. Alveolar consonants are highly susceptible to
regressive assimilation
That person / ðæt p3:sn / >>>/ðæp p3:sn /ˈ ˈ
Light blue / la t blu:/ >>> /la p blu:/ɪ ɪ
Bright color /bra t k l / >>> / bra t k l /ɪ ˈ ǝ ɪ ˈ ǝɅ Ʌ
Quite good /kwa t g d / >>> / kwa t g d /ɪ Ʊ ɪ Ʊ
Good boy / g d bƱ ͻ / >>>/ g b bɪ Ʊ ͻ /ɪ
Good girl / g d g3:l/ >>> / g g g3:l/Ʊ Ʊ
Does she /d z i / >>>/d i/ʃ ʒ ʃɅ Ʌ
This year /ð s j / >>> /ð j /ɪ ɪǝ ɪʃ ɪǝ
Note that only POA changes, not voicing
Alveolar consonants are highly susceptible to
regressive assimilation
That person / ðæt p3:sn / >>>/ðæp p3:sn /ˈ ˈ
Light blue / la t blu:/ >>> /la p blu:/ɪ ɪ
Bright color /bra t k l / >>> / bra t k l /ɪ ˈ ǝ ɪ ˈ ǝɅ Ʌ
Quite good /kwa t g d / >>> / kwa t g d /ɪ Ʊ ɪ Ʊ
Good boy / g d bƱ ͻ / >>>/ g b bɪ Ʊ ͻ /ɪ
Good girl / g d g3:l/ >>> / g g g3:l/Ʊ Ʊ
Does she /d z i / >>>/d i/ʃ ʒ ʃɅ Ʌ
This year /ð s j / >>> /ð j /ɪ ɪǝ ɪʃ ɪǝ
Note that only POA changes, not voicing
20. Consonants undergoing assimilation have not
disappeard
If ONE alveolar consonant at the end of a
word assimilates, they all will
Don’t go/d nt g / >>> /d ᶇk g /ǝƱ ǝƱ Ʊ ǝƱ
Shouldn’t be / dnt bi/ >>> / bmp bi/ˈʃƱ ˈʃƱ
Consonants undergoing assimilation have not
disappeard
If ONE alveolar consonant at the end of a
word assimilates, they all will
Don’t go/d nt g / >>> /d ᶇk g /ǝƱ ǝƱ Ʊ ǝƱ
Shouldn’t be / dnt bi/ >>> / bmp bi/ˈʃƱ ˈʃƱ
21. Not as noticeable
Usually regressive
A final plosive may be realised as a fricative or nasal
Not usual the other way around
That side /ðæt sa d/ >>> /ðæs sa d/ɪ ɪ
Good night /g d na t />>>/g nna t/Ʊ ɪ Ʊ ɪ
With word initial / ð / we sometimes get progressive
assimilation
In the / n ð / >>> / nn /ɪ ǝ ɪ ǝ
Get them /get ð m/>>> /get d m/ǝ ǝ
Not as noticeable
Usually regressive
A final plosive may be realised as a fricative or nasal
Not usual the other way around
That side /ðæt sa d/ >>> /ðæs sa d/ɪ ɪ
Good night /g d na t />>>/g nna t/Ʊ ɪ Ʊ ɪ
With word initial / ð / we sometimes get progressive
assimilation
In the / n ð / >>> / nn /ɪ ǝ ɪ ǝ
Get them /get ð m/>>> /get d m/ǝ ǝ
22. Only regressive
If C is lenis( voiced) and Cᶠ i
is fortis ( voiceless)
The lenis consonant has little voicing
Of course / v k :s />>> / f k :s /ǝ ǝͻ ͻ
Is the /g / at the end of /g g / in /g g g3:l/ anƱ Ʊ
allophone of / d / ?
Traditionally, phonemes were supposed not to
overlap their allophones
This restriction is not seen as so important now
One could say that [g] is an allophone of /d / in this
environment
Only regressive
If C is lenis( voiced) and Cᶠ i
is fortis ( voiceless)
The lenis consonant has little voicing
Of course / v k :s />>> / f k :s /ǝ ǝͻ ͻ
Is the /g / at the end of /g g / in /g g g3:l/ anƱ Ʊ
allophone of / d / ?
Traditionally, phonemes were supposed not to
overlap their allophones
This restriction is not seen as so important now
One could say that [g] is an allophone of /d / in this
environment
23. Coalescence may occur when an alveolar
consonant
is followed by a palatal consonant.
/t/+/j/=/t /, e.g.ʃ
Tuesday /'tju:zde />>>/'t u:zde /ɪ ʃ ɪ
Won't you /w nt ju/>>>/w nt u/ǝƱ ǝƱ ʃ
/d/+/j/=/d / ,e.g.ʒ
Due /dju:/>>>/d u:/ʒ
Would use /w d 'ju:z/>>>/w 'd u:z/Ʊ Ʊ ʒ
Coalescence may occur when an alveolar
consonant
is followed by a palatal consonant.
/t/+/j/=/t /, e.g.ʃ
Tuesday /'tju:zde />>>/'t u:zde /ɪ ʃ ɪ
Won't you /w nt ju/>>>/w nt u/ǝƱ ǝƱ ʃ
/d/+/j/=/d / ,e.g.ʒ
Due /dju:/>>>/d u:/ʒ
Would use /w d 'ju:z/>>>/w 'd u:z/Ʊ Ʊ ʒ
24. Under certain circumstances, sounds disappear
The sound is said to have a zero realisation
Loss of weak vowel after / p t k /
Potato /p te /ˈ ɪǝƱ
Tomato /t m :t /ˈ ɑ ǝƱ
Canary / k ne ri /ˈ ǝ
Weak vowel + /n l r/ becomes syllabic
Tonight /tna t /ɪ
Police /pli:s/
Correct /krekt /
Under certain circumstances, sounds disappear
The sound is said to have a zero realisation
Loss of weak vowel after / p t k /
Potato /p te /ˈ ɪǝƱ
Tomato /t m :t /ˈ ɑ ǝƱ
Canary / k ne ri /ˈ ǝ
Weak vowel + /n l r/ becomes syllabic
Tonight /tna t /ɪ
Police /pli:s/
Correct /krekt /
25. Avoidance of complex clusters
Alveolar consonans /t/ and /d/ tend to disappear
Last term /l :st t3:m/>>> /l :s t3:m/ɑ ɑ
Scripts /skr pts / >>> /skr ps/ɪ ɪ
Handbag /hændbæg />>> /hæmnæg /
This usually takes place where an alveolar consonant
is C2 , and is the same voicing as the preceding
consonant
Avoidance of complex clusters
Alveolar consonans /t/ and /d/ tend to disappear
Last term /l :st t3:m/>>> /l :s t3:m/ɑ ɑ
Scripts /skr pts / >>> /skr ps/ɪ ɪ
Handbag /hændbæg />>> /hæmnæg /
This usually takes place where an alveolar consonant
is C2 , and is the same voicing as the preceding
consonant
26. Very complex cluster are highly
likely to be modified in rapid
speech
George the Sixth’s throne
Sixth’s throne/s ksθs θr nɪ ǝƱ
/>>> /s ks θr n/ɪ ǝƱ
Very complex cluster are highly
likely to be modified in rapid
speech
George the Sixth’s throne
Sixth’s throne/s ksθs θr nɪ ǝƱ
/>>> /s ks θr n/ɪ ǝƱ
27. Two kinds of linking involving /r/ :
Linking /r/, where there is an ‘r’ in the spelling at the
end of a word and the next word begins with a vowel
Here and now / h r n na /ɪǝ ǝ Ʊ
Her overcoat /h r v k t/ǝ ˈǝƱ ǝ ǝƱ
Intrusive /r/ ,where there is a non-close vowel at the
end of a word (includes front and back-closing
diphthongs)+ vowel
China and Japan / t a n r n d pæn/ˈ ʃ ɪ ǝ ǝ ʒǝˈ
Vanila icecream /v n l r a skri:m/ǝˈ ɪ ǝ ˈ ɪ
Two kinds of linking involving /r/ :
Linking /r/, where there is an ‘r’ in the spelling at the
end of a word and the next word begins with a vowel
Here and now / h r n na /ɪǝ ǝ Ʊ
Her overcoat /h r v k t/ǝ ˈǝƱ ǝ ǝƱ
Intrusive /r/ ,where there is a non-close vowel at the
end of a word (includes front and back-closing
diphthongs)+ vowel
China and Japan / t a n r n d pæn/ˈ ʃ ɪ ǝ ǝ ʒǝˈ
Vanila icecream /v n l r a skri:m/ǝˈ ɪ ǝ ˈ ɪ
28. The relationship between one sound and
the surrounding sounds
Within words this is known as close
juncture
Across word boundaries it is known as
external open juncture
What is the difference between the /t/ in
my turn and might earn?
The relationship between one sound and
the surrounding sounds
Within words this is known as close
juncture
Across word boundaries it is known as
external open juncture
What is the difference between the /t/ in
my turn and might earn?
29. My turn
The /t/ is aspirated(being word initial)
Might earn
The /t/ is not strongly aspirated (being
word final)
The /a / diphthong is shorter in might dueɪ
to pre-forts clipping
My turn
The /t/ is aspirated(being word initial)
Might earn
The /t/ is not strongly aspirated (being
word final)
The /a / diphthong is shorter in might dueɪ
to pre-forts clipping