The Web is broken. HTTP is inefficient and expensive, especially for large files. Webpages are being deleted constantly, with the average lifespan of a web being 100 days. The Web's centralization limits opportunity and innovation. And it causes problems in the developing world, with natural disasters or faulty connections. We can do better. In this talk, I'll explain IPFS, a project intended to replace HTTP and build a better web. IPFS is a peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol to make the web faster, safer, and more open. In addition, IPFS will use Filecoin as a reward mechanism. Filecoin aims to provide a decentralized network for digital storage through which users can effectively rent out their spare capacity, receiving filecoins as payment. Filecoin raised 200M$ last month, breaking all records in blockchain ICOs to date.

1. Intro to
Decentralized Systems
Nicola Greco
Protocol Labs

2. disclaimer

9. Part 1 Decentralized Web
Part 2 Universal Services
Part 3 Decentralized Storage
Part 4 Cryptonetworks

10. Part 1

11. Decentralizing
the Web

12. decentralization = de-concentration of power
Benkler 2016

13. distributed system
decentralized system
no single authority fully trusted
minimize risk from misbehaving nodes

14. Server <> ClientWeb
Server provides the right service
Server uses data responsibly
Server is secure
Server is always online
Server is single point of reference

15. Server <> ClientWeb
Server provides the right service
Server uses data responsibly
Server is secure
Server is always online
Server is single point of reference
Server <> ServerP2P
Altruistic Network
Peers are equal

16. Server <> ClientWeb
Server provides the right service
Server uses data responsibly
Server is secure
Server is always online
Server is single point of reference
Server <> ServerP2P
Altruistic Network
Peers are equal
Network <> ClientIncentivized
Protocols
Clients delegate their service to the network
The network is “paid” to do so

17. 5,000,000,000+ files
• Video distribution & streaming
• Legal documents
• 3D Models (they’re big!)
• Games
• Scientific data & papers
• Blogs & websites
• Within blockchains
• Totally distributed web apps
ex. forums, chat, messaging,
cms, blogs, github, ...
IPFS

18. Content Addressing

19. Content Addressing
Where is the data?
?
http://nicolagreco.com/slides.pdf

20. Content Addressing
Where is the data?
Who has the data?
?
http://nicolagreco.com/slides.pdf
QmeomffUNfmQy76CQGy9N…
[RFC6920]
[BITTORRENT]
[IPFS]
[BITCOIN]

21. Content-addressable Web where:
- data links work across application
- links are cryptographic hashes
- anyone can distribute data

22. DHT
[CHORD]
A
D
F
H
J
O
Q
U

23. DHT
[CHORD]
A
D
F
H
J
O
Q
U
SHA256( ) = GRxQ123..

24. DHT
[CHORD]
A
D
F
H
J
O
Q
U
SHA256( ) = GRxQ123..

25. DHT
[CHORD]
A
D
F
H
J
O
Q
U
SHA256( ) = GRxQ123..
LIBP2P

26. http://10.20.30.40/foo/bar/baz.png
10.20.30.40
you
/ipfs/QmW98pJrc6FZ6/foo/bar/baz.png
IPFS
Content Addressing

28. SLIDE: SIZE OF THE
COMMUNITY
Large Open Source Project
Over 2000+ Contributors
Over 150+ contribute Weekly

30. Server <> ClientWeb
Server provides the right service
Server uses data responsibly
Server is secure
Server is always online
Server is single point of reference
Server <> ServerP2P
Altruistic Network
Peers are equal
Network <> ClientIncentivized
Protocols
Clients delegate their service to the network
The network is “paid” to do so

31. IPFS
(altruistic)

32. IPFS
(altruistic)
Filecoin
(incentivized)

33. Part 2

34. Universal Services
decentralization beyond the web

35. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer

36. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer
Fairness Either both parties receive their inputs or none

37. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer
Fairness Either both parties receive their inputs or none
Timeliness Exchange either happens or does terminate

38. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer
Scenario 1

39. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer
runs with
the money
Scenario 1

40. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer
runs with
the money
Scenario 1
Nicola Samer
Scenario 2

41. Fair Exchange
runs without
paying
Nicola Samer
runs with
the money
Scenario 1
Nicola Samer
Scenario 2

42. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer
[Cleve1986]

43. Fair Exchange
Nicola Samer
Impossibility of Fair Exchange without a Trusted Third Party
[Cleve1986]

44. Fair Exchange
N S
Trusted
— Trust Assumptions —

45. Fair Exchange
N S
Trusted
N S
Building Trust
— Trust Assumptions —

46. Fair Exchange
N S
Trusted
N S
Building Trust
N S
Third Party
*
— Trust Assumptions —

47. Fair Exchange
— Trust Assumptions —
Trusted
Party

48. Fair Exchange
— Trust Assumptions —
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party

49. Fair Exchange
— Trust Assumptions —
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors

50. Fair Exchange
— Trust Assumptions —
Trusted
m-of-n
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors

51. Fair Exchange
— Trust Assumptions —
Trusted
Majority
Trusted
m-of-n
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors

52. Public Ledger
Alice-Bob $2
…..

53. Public Ledger
Alice-Bob $2
…..
3 MAY 2017: A-B $2
Patent

54. Public Ledger
Alice-Bob $2
…..
3 MAY 2017: A-B $2
3 MAY 2017: C patent
Patent

55. State Machine
Replication
log
application
OP Log+1 -1 +1 +2 +4 -1
1 0 1 3 7 6 STATE Log
6

56. Digital Currency
$5

57. Digital Currency
$5

58. Digital Currency
$5

59. Digital Currency
$5
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK

60. Digital Currency
$5
A-B 5
A-B 5
A-B 5
A-B 5
A-B 5
A-B 5
A-B 5
A-B 5

61. Digital Currency
$2
A-B 5
B-C 2
A-B 5
B-C 2 A-B 5
B-C 2
A-B 5
B-C 2
A-B 5
B-C 2
A-B 5
B-C 2
A-B 5
B-C 2
A-B 5
B-C 2

62. Naming
Local Naming
./nicola.jpg
Global Naming
Trusted Party
[RFC1035]

63. Naming
Local Naming
./nicola.jpg
Global Naming
Trusted Party
[RFC1035]
Untrusted Party
[RFC6962]
[CW2009]
[CONIKS]

64. Naming
Local Naming
./nicola.jpg
Global Naming
Trusted Party
[RFC1035]
Untrusted Party
[RFC6962]
[CW2009]
[CONIKS]
hash( )
Qas13jdsjw
Cryptographic
Hash
[RFC6920]
[BITTORRENT]
[IPFS]

65. Naming
Local Naming
./nicola.jpg
Global Naming
Trusted Party
[RFC1035]
Blockchain
[ENS]
[BLOCKSTACK]
[NAMECOIN]
Untrusted Party
[RFC6962]
[CW2009]
[CONIKS]
hash( )
Qas13jdsjw
Cryptographic
Hash
[RFC6920]
[BITTORRENT]
[IPFS]

66. Naming
Local Naming
./nicola.jpg
Global Naming
Trusted Party Untrusted Party
[RFC1035] [RFC6962]
[CW2009]
Blockchain
[ENS]
[BLOCKSTACK]
[NAMECOIN][CONIKS]
hash( )
Qas13jdsjw
Cryptographic
Hash
[RFC6920]
[BITTORRENT]
[IPFS]
Trusted
Majority
Trusted
Party
Cryptography

67. Fair Exchange of
Services
Nicola Samer
Fairness
Timeliness
Either both parties receive their inputs or none
Exchange either happens or does terminate
Completeness If seller is honest, both parties receive their inputs
Soundness

68. Fair Exchange of
Services

69. Fair Exchange of
Services

70. Fair Exchange of
Services

71. Fair Exchange of
Services

72. Fair Exchange of
Services

73. Fair Exchange of
Services

74. Fair Exchange of
Services

75. Fair Exchange of
Services
Trusted
Majority
Any
Trust
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors
Reputation
PenalizationsRewards
Sigma
Protocols
SNARKs …
[NICOLA’s MASTER]
[ZKCSP]
[ZKCP]
…

76. Fair Exchange of
Services
Trusted
Majority
Any
Trust
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors
Reputation
PenalizationsRewards
Sigma
Protocols
SNARKs …
[NICOLA’s MASTER]
[ZKCSP]
[ZKCP]
…

77. Fair Exchange of
Services
Trusted
Majority
Any
Trust
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors
Reputation
PenalizationsRewards
Sigma
Protocols
SNARKs …
[NICOLA’s MASTER]
[ZKCSP]
[ZKCP]
…

78. Fair Exchange of
Services
Trusted
Majority
Any
Trust
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors
Reputation
PenalizationsRewards
Sigma
Protocols
SNARKs …
[NICOLA’s MASTER]
[ZKCSP]
[ZKCP]
…

79. Trust Spectrum
You
Trusted
Majority
Trusted
1-of-n
Trusted
Hardware
Trusted
Party
Trusted
Auditors
Reputation
Any
Trust
Interactive
Proofs
Trust CryptographyRationality
PenalizationsRewards
Sigma
Protocols
SNARKs …

80. Verifiable Markets
Order matching
Settlement

81. Verifiable Markets
Order matching
Settlement
– Don’t need to trust
individual service provider
– Anyone can participate in
the market as participant

82. Part 3

83. Filecoin (abstract)

84. Cloud Storage
Store Get

85. Cloud Storage
Store Get

86. Decentralized Storage
Put Get

87. Decentralized Storage
Store Get
How do we store
files without
trusting the
providers?

88. Filecoin Protocol
Get - Retrieve a file
Put - Store a file
Pledge - Add storage

89. Proofs of Storage
CChallenge
Prove
Verify
Setup

90. Proofs of Storage
Complete
Sound
Public Verifiable
Transparent
Useful
everyone with storage will generate valid proofs
no adversary can generate fake proofs
everyone can verify proofs
there is no secret information that can generate proofs info
proofs are about useful storage

91. Proofs of Storage
h1,2 = h(h1,h2)
p1 p2 p3 p4
h(1) h(2) h(3) h(4)
h3,4 = h(h3,h4)
hroot = h(h1,2,h3,4)

92. p1 p2 p3 p4
roothash
Proofs of Storage

93. Proof of Replication
Sybil attack
Outsourcing attack
Generation attack

94. Proof of Retrievability
Setup

95. Proof of Retrievability
Setup
Challenge C

96. Setup
Proof of Retrievability

97. Setup
Proof of Retrievability

98. Setup
Challenge C
Proof of Retrievability

99. Setup
Challenge C
Proof of Retrievability

100. Setup
Challenge C
Proof of Retrievability

101. Adding Replicas
Setup
Challenge

102. Adding Replicas
Setup
Challenge C

103. Adding Replicas
Setup
Challenge C

104. Adding Replicas
Setup
Challenge C

105. Adding Replicas
Setup
Challenge C

106. Making Replicas slow
Setup

107. Making Replicas slow
Setup

108. Making Replicas slow
Setup
Challenge C

109. Making Replicas slow
Setup
Challenge C

110. Making Replicas slow
Setup
Challenge C

111. Filecoin Markets
Order matching
Settlement
Order matching
Settlement
Exchange OTC

112. Order Matching
Storage/
Retrieval
orders
Store a file
for 1 week
at 50c GB/h
Offer storage
for 1 week
at 50c GB/h

113. Paying for storage
C
Verify

114. Storage Settlements

115. Retrieval Settlements

116. Storage-based Proof
of Work

117. Open Questions
Are there ways to do efficient proofs of replication?
Are there ways to overcome front-running attacks?
Are there ways to avoid miners posting proofs on chain?
Can build a storage-based consensus?
What are other incentives beyond economic reward?

118. Part 4

119. Foundational Infrastructure

120. Bell Labs Holmdel site

122. Open Source

123. Open Source

124. Open Source

125. Open Source

126. Open Source

127. Open Source

128. Open Source

129. Open Source

130. Open Source

131. Open Source

132. Open Source

133. Open Source

134. Open Source

135. Open Source

136. Sharing Economy

137. IPFS

139. Crypto Network
& Tokens

140. Text názvu
Text úrovně 1
Text úrovně 2
Text úrovně 3
Text úrovně 4
Text úrovně 5

141. Text názvu
Text úrovně 1
Text úrovně 2
Text úrovně 3
Text úrovně 4
Text úrovně 5

143. Text názvu
Text úrovně 1
Text úrovně 2
Text úrovně 3
Text úrovně 4
Text úrovně 5
+

144. Text názvu
Text úrovně 1
Text úrovně 2
Text úrovně 3
Text úrovně 4
Text úrovně 5

146. spend .
to store
store to
earn .
exchange
for . . .

148. Free Market for Data Storage

149. Governance?

150. github.com/nicola/
decentralized-research

151. Thank you
Samer

152. Thank you
Samer

153. Question?
What are other trust models? What is any-trust?
What are other types of Verifiable Markets?
Would this be enough for decentralizing the web?
Can DDoS attacks be possible on Filecoin?
How do you know Samer?

155. Refereed Multi-Prover
YES NO NO NO

156. YES NO NO NO
Refereed Multi-Prover

157. YES NO NO NO
Refereed Multi-Prover

158. Rational
Refereed Multi-Prover
YES NO NO NO
$$$$$$