Presentation: Gender, Academic Position & Publishing: a bibliometric analysis of the oeuvres of researchers. This project has been presented at the STI 2014 conference. Authors: Inge van der Weijden and Clara Calero Median

1. Gender, Academic Position & Publishing:
a bibliometricanalysis of the oeuvres of researchers
Ingevan der Weijden & Clara Calero Medina
STI Conference-4 September 2014

2. Outline
•Introduction
•Methodology
•Results
–General gender analyses
–Gender analyses based on academic positions
–Gender analyses in Public Health
•Conclusions
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3. Introduction: Women In Science
•Equally represented in Master and PhD phase (Eurostat 2013)
•Underrepresented in Tenure Track & Faculty Positions(e.g. Chestermanet al 2005)
•Pay-gap (in Belgium net -€387/month; Levecqueet al 2014)
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4. Introduction: Women In Science
Gender Gapsin scientific output identified in literature:
•Productivity gap (e.g. Larivière et al 2011)
–Women are less productive in terms of no WoSpublications
•Last-author position gap (e.g. West 2013)
–Women are under-represented in last authorship
•Internat.collaboration gap (e.g. Barrios et al 2013)
–Women are less involved in international collaboration
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5. Aims of this study
•Compare the oeuvres of female and male scientists by research areas and academic position. As academic publishing is still very important for career development [recruitment, promotion, tenure] of researchers (Wren et al 2007).
•Give recommendations for the improvement of gender mainstreaming
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6. Methodology: Dataset
•N=1994 scientists: 560 females; 1434 males
•Web-survey conducted by the University of Wolverhamtonin 2011[random sample]
•15 different EU countries
•Four research areas: astronomy & astrophysics; public health; philosophy; environmental engineering
•Six different academic positions: full prof; associate prof, assistant prof, postdoc, student, other
•Use of the ‘CWTS large scale author name disambiguation’ algorithm to collect WoSpapers

7. BibliometricIndicators
•Indicators of scientific output
–Number of publications
–Authorship position: first, last, single [% of papers]
•Impactindicators
–Average number of citations [Mcs& Mncs]
–Proportion of papers belonging to top 10 [pptop 10])
•Indicators of collaboration
–% of papers with co-authors from other institutions
–%of papers with international co-authors

8. A. General Results
•Productivity gender gap: 18 [m] /10 [f]
•Last-author position gender gap: 15% [m] /10% [f]
•No difference in impact:
mncs=1.05 [m] /mncs=1.04 [f]
•Intern. collaboration gender gap: 30% [m] / 24% [f]
These results are in line with earlier studies (e.g. Fox 2005; Mauleon& Bordons2006; Lariviereet al 2011; 2013; West 2013; Dotson 2011; Feramiscoet al 2009; Lewinson2001; Barrios et al 2013)

9. B. Researchers by Academic Position & Gender
Academic Position
Gender
Number
of researchers
Percentage
Full Professor
Female
70
17%
Full Professor
Male
352
83%
Associate Professor
Female
186
29%
Associate Professor
Male
454
71%
Assistant Professor
Female
99
33%
Assistant professor
Male
205
67%
Postdoc
Female
103
35%
Postdoc
Male
189
65%
(master/PhD) Student
Female
51
39%
(master/PhD) Student
Male
79
61%

10. First Authorship
40
36,9
31
27,8
21,3
49,2
45,7
37,9
32,9
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
(master/PhD) student
postdoc
assistant professor
associate professor
full professor
Percentage
Academic Position
Figure: Proportion of papers signed as first author
men
women

11. Last Authorship
11,9
10,8
14,7
19,7
26,01
6,6
8,26
10,6
15,9
23,9
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(master/PhD) student
postdoc
assistant professor
associate professor
full professor
Percentage
Academic Position
Figure: Proportion of papers signed as last author
men
women

12. International collaboration
45
46,3
31,6
34,6
28,9
33,6
43,2
28,6
30,5
30,7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
(master/PhD) student
postdoc
assistant professor
associate professor
full professor
Percentage
Academic Position
Figure: Proportion of papers written in international collaboration
men
women

13. C. Researchers by Area, Position &
Gender
Discipline Gender Number of researchers Percentage per discipline per gender
Astronomy & Astrophysics Female 101 20%
Astronomy& Astrophysics Male 393 80%
Environmental Engineering Female 138 26%
Environmental Engineering Male 394 74%
Philosophy Female 92 20%
Philosophy Male 367 80%
Public Health Female 229 45%
Public Health Male 280 55%

14. Public Health (1)
Numberof researchers (n)
Total number of publications (p)
Publications perresearcher
Male
278
11721
42.7 [mdn=26.0]
Female
228
5560
24.6
[mdn=13.0]
Indicators of output [1980-2012] per gender

15. Public Health (2)
Position
Male
Female
Postdocs
(n=52; 54 % female)
17
[mdn=8.0]
12
[mdn=8.5]
Associate prof
(n=185; 48% female)
42
[mdn=32.0]
31
[mdn=22.0]
Average number of publications per researcher

16. Public Health (3)
32,6
19,1
3,8
44,1
12,8
2,4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
first authorship
last authorship
single authorship
Percentage
Proportion of papers signed as first, last & single author
men
women

17. Public Health (4)
43,94
33,61
40,26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
male
female
Proportion of papers signed as first author (%)
postdocs
associate professors
11,86
8,96
17,51
16,31
0
5
10
15
20
male
female
Proportion of papers signed as last author (%)
postdocs
associate professors

18. Public Health (5)
Mcs
Mncs
Pptop10%
Male
11.32 [mdn=8.88]
1.13
[mdn=0.94]
12%
[mdn=8.2%]
Female
12.02
[mdn=9.79]
1.07
[mdn=0.96]
11%
[8.6%]
Indicators of impact [1980-2012] per gender

19. Public Health (6)
69,1
32,2
70
29,8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
collaboration
international collaboration
Percentage
Indicators of collaboration [1980-2012] per gender
men
women

20. Public Health (7)
72,74
73,67
67,9
65,99
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
male
female
Proportion of papers written with co-authors from different institutes (%)
postdocs
associate professors
32,88
34,17
30,82
26,97
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
male
female
Proportion of papers written with co-authors from different countries (%)
postdocs
associate professors

21. Conclusions (1)
–Men produce on average a higher number of publications compared to women
–Women are not evenly represented across authorship positions:
•At each level of the career ladder the papers in the oeuvres of the female researchers consist of a higher percentage of first authorships compared to males
•Women are underrepresented in the last and most prestigious author position

22. Conclusions (2)
–There are no gender differences regarding research impact
–Percentage of international collaboration is always lower for female researchers compared to males, except at the position of full professors

23. Conclusions Public Health (3)
Gender Gaps in scientific output
Our contribution to the literature:
•Productivity gap: in PH starts after postdoc phase
•Last author position gap: in PH becomes smaller in higher/more prestigious positions
•International collaborations gap:in PH becomes bigger at the level of associate professor

24. Thanks for your attention! Questions? i.c.m.van.der.weijden@cwts.leidenuniv.nlclara@cwts.leidenuniv.nl

25. Introduction: Studies of barriers
What keeps women from moving up the career ladder?
•Glass ceiling (‘the invisible barriers created by behavioral and organizational prejudices’)
•Leaky pipeline (‘leaks and blockages in the pipe’)
•Matildeeffect (‘the poor get poorer’)
•Gender myths (‘persisting myths in favor of men create attitudes in relation to the assessment of women’s scientific performance’)
•Matching hypothesis (‘creation of ties with
similar others’)
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