Presentation focuses on Chandigarh as a laboratory for urban planning and architecture, defining new ideas in the domain of city planning- which include, planning with nature and natural elements of Sun, Space and Greenery ; making cities people centric; minimising travel; promoting self-contained communities; defining a new pattern of urban travel; making people happy and healthy; promoting nature; creating valley of leisure; making landscaping integral part of city planning; preserving all existing flora and fauna; proving good urbanism makes good money and defining an edict to educate future generations of the city about its planning and designing to preserve the legacy.
Impact of Chandigarh on the India Urban Planning & Architecture
1. IMPACT OF CHANDIGARH ON THE
INDIA URBAN PLANNING
&ARCHITECTURE
J.K.GUPTA, former Advisor( Town Planning) , PUDA
2. COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION
• The Radiant City
•An organism capable of housing the
works of man of machine-age society.
• placed under the masterful
government of natural conditions:
•Sun
•Space
•Greenery
•And its mission is the service of
mankind:
•To live
•To work
•To cultivate body and spirit
•To travel about
(in this order and obeying this
hierarchy)
3.
4. locating the capital in an existing town overruled-
security,
centrality,
development and
the ambiance of a capital.
To select site for Capital, State Government
appointed a committee.
the team zeroed on site in 1948, located in
the sub-mountanus region, 260 kms North of
Delhi.
The site was found suitable due to:
Central location .
Proximity to the National Capital.
Availability of sufficient water.
Gentle gradient for natural drainage.
Freedom from physical encumbrances
mango groves and temples marked site.
5.
6.
7. City to be planned for a population of 0.5
million.
Chandigarh aspired to set an example in
providing:
- generous infrastructure and services,
- first Indian city where
- water,
- drainage and
- electricity
- would be available to even the “poorest
of the poor”.
- The vision was of a capital that would
serve
- as a model for the nation in city planning.
10. LE CORBUSIER PIERRE JEANNERET
JANE B(everly) DREWE(dwin) Maxwell Fry
English Rendering
Construction of a capital in
Punjab-Chandigarh.
Portrait of the Family which
is responsible for the
success of this undertaking
DRAWING AND INSCRIPTION BY LE CORBUSIER
French Original
Construction d’ une capitale
au Punjab Chandigarh
Portrait de famille des
responsables de la reussite
de l’ entreprise.
LE CORBUSIER’S TEAM
11. • Stage-II (S2) from Sector 31 to 47 covering 2428
hectares for 350000 population, high density
development of 144.15 persons per hectare (3.5
times of stage 1) with lesser order of
infrastructure and amenities. Land to be allotted
on lease hold basis
• Stage-III (S3)
• Re-densification of Stage-I (S1)- accommodate
population exceeding 0.5 million without
compromising with the quality of life.
LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
•Le Corbusier considered Mayer-Nowicki’s Plan,
• made major changes in the shape and size of the city
• maintained position of capitol with slight change, city centre, university and
industrial area
•planned a Horizontal city on pattern of a garden city
•considering economy, socio-economic conditions and living habits of people
vertical planning ruled out .
•City planned for a population of 0.5 million to be realized in 3 stages.
•Stage-I (S1)
• from Sector 1 to 30 covering 3642 hectares for 150000 population,
• low density development of 41.12 persons per hectare with
•high order of infrastructure / amenities. Land to be allotted on free hold basis.
S2
S1&S3
12.
13. LE CORBUSIER’S MASTER PLAN
Density of the sectors rising from north to south
as social class of the inhabitant becomes lower,
city becomes a social map .
Arrangement explained by Verma ;
Le Corbusier wanted transition to more openness
towards capitol and
drainage system being more rational due to
natural fall south-wards.
Dry bed of subsidiary monsoon water-course made
leisure valley meandering through town.
Jane Drew called Master Plan-- a poetic
significance, biological in context ,with
Commanding head - Capitol
Its heart -- commercial City Centre
Its hand of productivity - Industrial area.
Its hand of learning - University.
Its brain and intellectual centers in Parkways
where are located the museums, library etc.
Roads as Arteries - carriers of Blood in shape
of Traffic with
Glass and Bricks as --Skin.
14.
15.
16. Sector Defined
Sector-Container of basic human needs of:
Living
Working
Care of Body and Spirits (COBS).
Population varying between 5000-25000
Size 800mx1200m- fixed keeping human
scale in mind with 10 minutes walk to reach
any activity/corner
Sector planning based on principles of:
Self-contained / Self-sufficient Neighborhood unit.
Safety from traffic
planning based on Introvert character with
no house opening on fast carrier of traffic
bounded by fast traffic roads running on all four
sides.
With four entries, one from each side.
20. Housing
The focus of housing was:
The Oxonian program comprised 13 categories
of government housing
Type 1 for Chief Minister to Type 13 for peons.
Type 14 with minimum accommodation designed
for the poor- 2 rooms, a space for kitchen,
bathroom and rear open space
Three lowest categories of government housing
subsidized to maintain minimum standards of
amenities.
Economy, Technology and Climate governed
the design /construction of houses.
Architects bound to follow the state directives
regarding cost /type of accommodation.
Type 7 designed as semi-detached
--higher types fully detached with
-- lower categories designed as terraced housing.
23. Care of Body & Spirit (cobs)
Caring for physical /meta physical health of
city/residents.
Medical care ; Education--College of Arch.
PEC, Punjab UniversityColleges of men &
women, Home Science, Polytechnic.
Culture--College of Arts, museum, art gallery,
Centre of performing arts, Tagore theatre,
Leisure --Valley of leisure- transforming 6
meter deep seasonal rivulet-- width ranging
from 100 to 300 meters depression-- into
drainage channel for rainwater -- a linear park
running full length of city vertically with
undulating landscape, water features, host of
trees, sports studio unifying sectors of
different densities/characters.
- seasonal river on eastern side dammed to
create an artificial lake-Sukhna, lake club,
golf club, Chandigarh club Rajindra park,
Rose garden, Japanese Garden Golf course
and golf clubClubs,Sports complexes and
sports stadiums .
COBS
WORKINGLIVING
CIRCULATION
24.
25. • Designed by Le Corbusier.
• with Courtyard in the middle.
• Simple structure.
• Single-storyed bldg. sunk 3-M below road level so that structure does not
dominate
26. • Conceived by Le Corbusier.
• As a gift to city
• modulating the micro- climate
• Recharging Ground Water
• providing dramatic vistas of Capitol and Mountains.
• 3-km long 14m high earthen dam created.
• No vehicular movement permitted
• Planned as Pedestrian Paradise
• WHERE PEACE and TRANQUALITY ALWAYS PREVAILS
29. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
FRONT FAÇADE ADORNED WITH DEEP SCREEN OF PRE-
CAST CONCRETE, A SORT OF MINIATURE brise-soleil
38. Chandigarh Landscaping
Chandigarh carefully planned, designed and planted
city of India
With sun, space & verdure as basic forces of town
planning and Architecture -Chandigarh landscaping
guided by:
Marrying buildings with trees for harmony and linking
man with nature.
Linking mass of buildings and enhancing their
architectural quality through textures, colours and
contrast.
Providing individuality to each element of city design.
Bio-aesthetic planning based on selecting trees
having regards to colours, foliage, shape of crown,
utilities aesthetic , architectural appeal and contrast
Plan evolved as a corollary of the planning principles
adopted for the city i.e. living, working , cobs and
circulation.
39.
40.
41. Development Controls
Developmental Controls
Two sets of controls applicable
Within city
Outside city
Entire City subjected to Developmental Controls
City Zoned -- used/developed for specific purpose.
Built Environment under strict control comprising of :
defining edges of buildings
setbacks
maximum height
use of materials and
Openings
Different set of controls applicable to different area
depending upon importance.
All commercial areas under architectural control.
42. Development Controls
Within City
Zoning control
Full architectural control
System of construction &
architectural treatment.
Design control.
Architectural controls
Frame control.
Gates and Boundary walls.
Advertisement control.
Tree preservation order.
Outside city
Periphery control
46. Populationinitial fear of ever reaching its population
target- city achieved its planned
population of 0.5m in 1991 within four
decades.
Chandigarh UT recorded a population of
10,54,686 in 2011--9,00,635 in 2001.
Chandigarh UT ow a conglomerate of 2
urban centres and 22 urban villages.
High population density of 9252 in2011 as
against 7900 persons per sq. km in 2001.
Rural areas witnessing faster growth rate
indicating pressure on rural settlements.
By 202i, Chandigarh projected population
--1.35-1.45 million &1.5-1.6 m in 2031
Urgent need to address dimension of
demography in future planning related to:
Housing, Services, Traffic and
Employment to ensure retention of its
basic character.
53. STRATEGIES
Chandigarh needs to be defined in the
regional context with regional approach
adopted for growth and development
An integrated approach for providing basic
infrastructure needs adoption.
Mass transportation needs to be planned
and provided on priority.
Coordinated approach for solving the
problem of slums would be critical.
Legal framework for the defining, preparing
and implementation of regional plan would
be essential
Existing policy framework for housing,
commercial and traffic & transportation
would need critical review in order to
minimise damage to the basic fabric of the
city.
54.
55. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
The object of this edict is to
Enlighten the present and future citizens of
Chandigarh
about the basic concepts of planning of the city
so that they become its guardians and
save it from whims of individuals.
This edict sets out the following basic ideas
underlying the planning of the city.
Human scale
The city of Chandigarh is planned to human scale.
It puts us in touch with the infinite cosmos and nature.
It provides us with places and buildings for all human
activities by which the citizens can live a full and
harmonious life.
Here the radiance of nature and heart are within our
reach.
56. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
Sectors
This city is composed of sectors.
Each sector is 800 meters by 1,200 meters,
enclosed by roads allocated to fast mechanised
transport and
sealed to direct access from the houses.
Each sector caters to the daily needs of its inhabitants,
which vary from 5,000 to 25,000 and
has a green strip oriented longitudinally stretching
centrally along the sector in the direction of the
mountains.
The green strip should stay uninterrupted and
accommodate schools, sports fields, walkways and
recreational facilities for the sector
Vehicular traffic is completely forbidden in the green strips,
where tranquility shall reign and
the curse of noise shall not penetrate.
57. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
ROADS:
The roads of the city are classified
into seven categories,
known as the system of 7 Vs,
V-1 -- Fast roads connecting Chandigarh to other towns;
V-2 -- arterial roads;
V-3 -- Fast vehicular roads;
V-4 -- Meandering shopping streets;
V-5 -- Sector circulation roads;
V-6 Access roads to houses;
V-7 -- footpaths and cycle tracks
Buses will ply only on V-1, V-2, V-3 and V-4 roads.
A wall shall seal the V-3 roads from the sectors.
Areas of Special Architectural Interest
Certain areas of Chandigarh are of special architectural
interest.
Where harmonized and unified construction of buildings is
aimed at,
absolute architectural and zoning control should remain
operative.
58. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
Along V-2 central, dual carriageways, Madhya
Marg and Uttar Marg, where
skyline,
heights,
character and
architecture of buildings as planned
shall not be altered.
Along V-2 beyond dual carriageway areas are
reserved for cultural institutions only and
shall never have any residential buildings
No building shall be constructed north of the
Capitol Complex
CITY CENTRE
The central plaza in Sector 17 was designed
as "Pedestrian's Paradise".
No vehicular traffic will be permitted in the plaza.
59. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
Industrial area
Only such industry as
is powered by electricity
would be permitted in the Industrial Area,
so that atmosphere is saved from pollution.
The Lake
The Lake is a gift
of the creators of Chandigarh
to the citizens
to be at one with the lake and its
environments and
its tranquility shall be guaranteed by banning
noises.
60. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
LANDSCAPING
The landscaping of this city is based on
careful observation of the vegetation of India.
Selected ornamental trees, shrubs and
climbers have been planted
according to colour schemes to beautify it.
In future planting and replacements, these
principles must be kept in view.
There should be no haphazard replacements,
so that the avenues retain their harmony and
beauty.
The Leisure Valley, the Rajendra Park and
other parks shall be developed as parks only
and
no building other than already planned shall
be permitted.
61. EDICT OF CHANDIGARH
No Personal Statues Shall Be Erected
The age of personal statues is gone.
No personal statues shall be erected in the city or
parks of Chandigarh.
The city is planned to breathe
the new sublimated spirit of art.
Commemoration of persons shall be confined to
suitably placed bronze plaques.
Truthfulness of Building Materials To Be
Maintained:
The truthfulness of
materials of constructions,
concrete, bricks and stone,
shall be maintained in all buildings constructed or
to be constructed.
The seed of Chandigarh is well sown.
It is for the citizens to see that the tree
flourishes.
62. LESSONS FROM CHANDIGARH
Chandigarh remains a designed city ; not planned city--City
framework prepared in 96 hours--Zoning Plan leveraged
Planned development
Chandigarh established-City could be developed without
a master plan
Chandigarh - first Indian city where
- water, --drainage and electricity
- would be available to even the “poorest of the poor”.
- Chandigarh to Serve as a model for the nation in city
planning and architecture
- Chandigarh remains only city offering piped water supply
to all residents
- Chandigarh set a minimum standard of two rooms for EWS
Housing
- - Grid- Iron Plan – Simple, cost-effective, efficient
- Sector- NH– Concept provided by city
- Sukhna Lake – a manmade lake- not natural lake-using low
lying area of the Sukhna Choe
63. LESSONS FROM CHANDIGARH
Appropriate site, initial team selected to plan, design- construct
and manage the city, Political support- most vital for success of
the project
Bulk Acquisition of land- way to rational planning, designing and
making provision of basic infrastructure/services in the city
Planning with nature- best option to design a sustainable city –
Sun , Space , Greenery
Preserving existing flora/fauna, bio- diversity vital for creating a
sustainable city
Designing buildings with sun, climate ,culture , orientation- vital to
make sustainable buildings
Bureaucratic model of city management proved its efficacy by
Chandigarh
Roads named after the destination/direction- not after individual
No Statue permitted on the public place-Traffic round about crate
64. LESSONS FROM CHANDIGARH
Using local material in natural form offer best option for
creating sustainable buildings
Concept of Development Control- best option for promoting
architectural vocabulary of city
Concept of City &Periphery - Regional Planning- made
applicable in Chandigarh
Chandigarh provides simplest address- using house
number/sector number
Chandigarh – only city to have an Edict- defining the basic
framework-and future options to preserve city
Chandigarh – first city to allow only architects to design
buildings
Landscaping made integral part of city planning /development
process
Efficacy/efficiency of Grid Iron Pattern established by city