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Blood collection and anticoagulants
1.
2. OVERVIEW:
• SOURCES
• METHODSOF BLOOD COLLECTION
• VENOUS BLOODVSARTERIAL BLOODVS CAPILLARY BLOOD
• TYPES OF ANTICOAGULANTS USED (COLOURCODING)
• BLOOD BANK
3. Patient’s specimen:
• A properly labelled sample is essential so that the results of the test should
match the patient.
• Label with patient’s ID or the sample number provided for the patient.
4. oBlood can be collected from 3 different sources:
Capillary blood.
Venous blood.
Arterial blood.
5.
6. CAPILLARY BLOOD - METHOD OF COLLECTION :
•Select the least used finger.
•Cleanse the site with alcohol swab.
•Puncture across the grain of the skin
•And transfer blood to a strip or small container.
7.
8. • INDICATIONS:
To draw a small amount of blood
in a microtube or
strip for blood sugar and
bleeding time tests.
For infants and young children.
19. Blood collection for
venous blood:
Equipment required:
•Tourniquet.
•Vacutainer and syringe.
•Alcohol swab.
•Bandage
20. • Most common
Majority of routine tests are performed on venous blood.
Blood can be taken directly from the vein.
The best site - deep veins of the ante-cubital fossa.
27. Tourniquet should be applied on the upper arm.
Sterilise the puncture area with a spirit/alcohol swab and allow it
to dry.
Visualize and palpate the vein.
Don’t enter the vein directly and vertically.
28.
29. Draw blood according to required tests.
Loosen the tourniquet.
Withdraw the needle.
Press down on the gauze, applying adequate pressure.
Apply a piece of band.
Put blood into a suitable container.
30. •Precaution:
Venipuncture area must be cleaned/sterilized properly.
Tourniquet should not be applied for a long time and not more
than 1 min.
31. Blind attempts should not made.
Subcutaneous manipulation of the needle to enter a vein
should not be done.
Once the needle is withdrawn, pressure should be applied and
maintained for 1-2 minutes.
If you can’t control the pressure this will cause Ecchymoses i.e.
extravasation of blood.
32. •Order of Draw:
1st. (Yellow-black stopper)
2nd Plain tube (Red stopper or SST)
3rd Coagulation tube (light blue stopper).
& for the last draw :
1. Heparin
2. EDTA
3. Oxalate/ fluoride
Tubes with anticoagulants/additives must be mixed thoroughly with collected
blood.
33. •SERUM:
• Liquid remaining after blood has clotted naturally in a plain tube.
• It’s the most common specimen required for chemical and
serological test.
34. PLASMA:
A fluid obtained from anticoagulated and centrifuged blood
Plasma is required for Coagulation Profile and FibrinogenAssay.
35. Blood Collection tubes
Plastic tube with a rubber stopper include color coded.
Contain anticoagulants and/or other chemical additives.
Plain tubes contain no anticoagulants.
All tubes must be mixed thoroughly.
36. ANTICOAGULANT TUBE/
VACUTAINER
EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra-Acetate) liquid:
Types:
Na and K2 EDTA (2.0mg /ml)
Mechanism: forming Ca salts to remove Ca.
Uses: CBC, PCR, PS and HbA1c.
Requires full draw (invert 8 times).
41. Citrate
•Action:
- Binds Ca in a non-ionsed but soluble complex.
•Disadvantage:
- It is a liquid -
not acceptable for blood cell counts &
Hb estimation.
42. • HEPARIN:
Sodium Heparin or Lithium Heparin
0.5 to 1.0mg per 5ml of blood
Mechanism: inactivation of thrombin and
thromboplastin.
Uses:
- For Lithium level - Na Heparin anticoagulant.
- For Ammonia level - Na or Lithium Heparin
43. Heparin
• Uses:
-naturally occuring biological anti-coagulant
-Used in hematological special tests,
biochemistry for electrolytes
-For blood gases
-Transfusions
• Action:
-Inhibition of enzymes involved in coagulation
eg: Anti thrombin III
-Inhibits action of thrombin on fibrinogen and formation of
thromboplastin
• Disadvantages:
-expensive
-highly acidic-blue colouration in smear
45. Oxalate
•Potasium oxalate:
- concentration is 2mg/ml blood
- shrinkage of RBC’s,
so 8% shrinkage in PCV
- used for chemical analysis
-Not used for PCV, ESR, cell morphology
•Ammonium oxalate:
- concentration 2mg/ml blood
- Adr: swelling of RBC
- Not used for PCV, ESR
46. RED (PLAINTUBE):
No preservative/anticoagulant.
Uses: usually for toxicology and serology
47. SST (SERUM SEPARATOR TUBE)
No additives.
Clotting accelerator and separation gel.
Uses: Chemistry, Immunology, and Serology.
48. PST /LIGHT GREEN :
Plasma Separating Tube
with Lithium Heparin.
Advantage:
forms a physical barrier
between plasma and blood
cells during centrifugation.