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1. AWARENESS AND USE OF OFFLINE DATABASE FOR ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES BY
UNDERGRADUATES IN BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO
By
AMINA ABDULRAZAK YUSUF CLN
Bayero University Library Kano, Nigeria
aminayusufcln@gmail.com
&
SHUKURA SHARU ILIYASU CLN
Bayero University Library Kano, Nigeria
sharushukura@gmail.com
&
YAHAYA ABDULLAHI CLN
Bayero University Library Kano, Nigeria
gashuwaa@gmail.com
Abstract
The study investigated awareness and use of off-line databases for academic activities by
undergraduate student in Bayero University Kano. A cross sectional survey design was used for
the study and data was generated through the use of questionnaire. The population of the study
consists of nine thousand five hundred (9,500) registered undergraduate students. Out of which
three hundred and eighty (380) students were used as the sample for the study. Data collected
were analyzed using table, frequency and simple percentage. The study found that the library
provide quite a number of electronic information resources in their off-line data bases which are
relevant to the student needs. The study also revealed lack of awareness on the existence of off-
line databases has resulted to inadequate access and use the off-line databases. Challenges such
as inadequate funding, poor skills, poor power supply, inability to access the database remotely,
and difficulty in logging in have hindered access and use among the students. It was
recommended that: there should be adequate user orientation program, training, provision of
access to login I.D and password, adequate infrastructural facilities as well as improved power
supply.
KEYWORDS: Awareness, Use, Off-Line Databases, Undergraduate Students, Academic
Activities.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Academic libraries the world over make available a wide variety of information resources in
many formats. Electronic information resources are important part of library resources. Most
university libraries in the world have adopted off-line database as a tools to satisfy the needs of
their users, but majority of the users are not aware of the existence of this valuable tool.
According to Asefeh and Nosrat (2010) awareness and use of off-line databases is no doubt
gaining momentum as it has opened up many exciting opportunities and potentials such that users
believe there is ease of access through one click from citation to full electronic text or convenient
availability of broadened collections change, which has changed library users' behavior. And the
choices users make via the electronic databases is advanced because the databases contain
electronic information resources put together by different publishers from various fields and
disciplines which can be accessed off-line.
Electronic resources contained in off-line databases are provided in Bayero University library
as complimentary sources of information; these off-line databases include institutional
repositories, E-theses, author web sites, and open access journals, Calibre, Lanteal, Open Course
Ware, Maktaba Shamela, Database on CD-ROM among others. Electronic collection and intranet
infrastructure have the potential to provide access to more books and scholarly articles than ever
before, it’s like having unlimited shelf space in your own office. More importantly, these
electronic materials can be manipulated by tools that students already know how to use. However
despite the efforts of the library to benefit from these advantages, off-line databases are yet to be
fully accessed and utilized due to lack of awareness of their existence. Bayero University library
is found struggling to publicise the existence of off-line databases. The university library started
the services of providing full text electronic databases with E- granary server containing about 2.2
million documents in October 2006 which marked the beginning of the use of off-line databases
by library users and since then the library have been subscribing to numerous databases so as to
enhance research activities and educational performance of their clienteles but it so unfortunate
that most users do not know about the existence of off-line database. It is against this background
that the present study focuses on the following objectives so as to reduce the gap.
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3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are to:
1. Determine the level of awareness of the off-line database by undergraduate student in
Bayero University Kano.
2. Identify the level of access of the off-line provided by the library for academic activities
by undergraduate student of Bayero University Kano.
3. Examine the extent of use of the off-line database for academic activities by
undergraduate student of Bayero University Kano.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Concept of Off-line Database
Off-line database is a machine-readable file of organized information with which the user
interacts by means of a terminal connected to the computer housing the file. The terminal may be
wired directly to the computer or it may communicate with it via a local network. . Off- line
databases are a collection of electronic information sources (e-journals/e-books) by publishers
from various fields and disciplines, Afolabi, Faborode and Bozimo (2013). Some of these
databases are provided free of charge to libraries in developing countries by their publishers or
vendors. Access to these databases provides students with thousands of scholarly articles in
various fields of specialization which are relevant to their academic activities Fatoki (2014). The
types of off-line databases provided for students include but are not limited to Lanteal, Database
on CD –ROM, Calibre, Maktaba Shamela, Open Course Ware (OCW), Machasuttes Open course
Ware and E-thesis .Despite all the numerous advantages attached to the off-line databases, in
Nigerian Universities many students are not aware of the various off-line databases provided by
academic libraries .Lack of awareness, publicity, and training were some of the reasons for
students non use of the database provided off-line Olowu(2014).
Awareness of Off-line Database
Weingart and Anderson (2012) measured awareness of the faculty members toward electronic
databases at the University of Utah. The findings showed greater need for publicity and training.
3

4. Similarly, Angello (2010) revealed that the rate of awareness of electronic resources among
livestock researchers in Tanzania was very low. It was also reviewed that literatures focused more
on researchers and faculty members and not on undergraduate students likewise it was more from
the foreign countries.
The level of awareness on the existence of the off-line database for academic activities of
undergraduate student has to be examined so that justifications could be made to ascertain its
significance in satisfying the changing information needs of the users for better academic
performance. As the key features of library databases includes: responsiveness to increasing
dynamics of information resources, accuracy, efficiency, and reduced redundancy of information,
provision of access point that enable effective discovery and delivery of e-resources so as to keep
the life cycle of materials of which providers and authentication schemes can change and also
provide access for web resources which can temporarily be unavailable due to connectivity
problems.
ACCESS OF OFF-LINE DATABASE
Access to electronic databases by undergraduate students is seen as the degree to which student
can attain meaningful contact with the channel or quality of information expected. Thus access as
extricably linked with off-line databases refers to users finding the information they require and
successfully retrieving it, because without access to information there can be no use of
information as such efforts to enhance access should be cognizant of common misgivings. Ojo
and Akande (2015) established that access, usage and awareness of electronic information
resources at the University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria is very low. From the finding
of Ojo and Akande (2015), Olowu (2014), Chisenga (2014) , Ajuwon and Jagboro (2013) it can
be generalized that the level of access and use of electronic resources and databases is still low.
Some contributory factors were given as lack of awareness, lack of access to computers,
insufficient training and the high cost of subscription and authentication
Use of Off-Line Database
Use is described as the extent to which the library resources are exploited or utilized by
undergraduate student. Provision of adequate off-line databases with proper access to the database
and good strategy adopted can bring about maximum utilization of the databases which can
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5. therefore lead to user satisfaction. Okwudishu(2010) surveyed academic library users to see if
demographic or other factors influence how often they use ERIC on CD- ROM. Likewise,
Dorswamy (2015) found that lack of knowledge about the off-line database is the major barrier
to use therefore student believe that training classes for electronic resources are a high-priority
need. Database use is influenced by the length of time the database has been available (available
more than one year promotes heaviest use), limiting the forms of access to the database, the
source of the database (locally loaded and Internet-based databases were preferred), and the
availability of user instruction in the library.
Adeleke (2015), asserted that the library must not only provide the off- line databases but also
ensure effective use of the databases by its clienteles. Therefore the success of off-line databases
utilization in the library depends not only on how well it works but also on how well it is received
by its intended users. Luambano & Nawe (2014) affirmed that majority of the students do not use
internet due to the inadequacy of computers with internet facilities, lack of skills in internet use
and slow speed of computers. Adetimiri (2012) further Justified that “database use could assist
university students, lecturers and researchers in achieving excellent research output because they
have the technical ability of making a single copy of information material accessible to multiple
users; their durability; their use in preservation; the fact that they don't go out of print; their
ability to support distance learning; and their potential to provide users with access 24hours a day/
7 days a week (Ardito 2010; Fiander 2010; Hawkins 2010). As a result they have enhanced the
provision of research materials in libraries. In the same vein Marcinko (2010) highlighted some
reasons for allocating dedicated budget of libraries to offline e-resources, the reasons includes
the potential to reduce costs associated with maintaining growing print collections, ease of update
of rapidly changing material, their suitability as reference books, coherent access to a very large,
organized repository of information. However database provide access to a large amounts of
information to users whenever they need them, access to primary information sources, Support for
multimedia content along with text, network accessibility on Intranet , User-friendly interface,
Hypertext links for navigation Client-server architecture and Advanced search and retrieval.
Thereby help expedite the systematic development of procedures to collect, store, organize,
information in digital form. Promote efficient delivery of information economically to all users.
Encourage co-operative efforts in research resource, computing, and communication network,
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6. Strengthen communication and collaboration between and among educational institution and play
a significant role in the generation and dissemination of knowledge.
Based on the reviewed literature it was discovered that little or no researches have been carried
out on awareness and use of off-line database on undergraduate students in Nigeria. It is based on
these premises that the study was carried out in order to investigate the awareness and use of off-
line resources in Bayero University Kano, Nigeria. Therefore it is suggested that when users of
the library are informed of the available materials, it is expected that the resources would be
patronized.
METHODOLOGY
Quantitative research method using survey design was adopted. Population of the study
comprises of undergraduate student registered with Bayero University Kano Library, which were
sampled and the sample size was (380) using Research Advisors’ Table 2011. Data was collected
using questionnaire. The questionnaire was subjected to reliability test where Cronbach Alpha
Coefficient was found to be 0.932 which signifies a high level of reliability of the instrument. The
data collected was presented in tabular form and analyzed using descriptive statistics and
frequency counts using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A total of 380 copies of questionnaire were administered to respondents for the study; out of
which 362 (92%) copies were duly completed, returned and found usable for the study.
AWARENESS OF OFF-LINE DATABASES BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Undergraduate students were asked to indicate whether or not they are aware of the existence
of off-line e-resources databases in the University under study. The findings identified extent of
awareness on the types of off-line e-resources databases provided in the universities under study
as depicted in table below.
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7. Table 1: Awareness of Off-line Databases
S/N SCALE FREQUENCY %
1 YES 69 19.1
2 NO 293 80.9
TOTAL 362 100
From the table above majority of the respondents 293(80.9) affirmed that they are not aware of
the existence of off-line e-resources database in their library, while 69 (19.1) indicated they know
of the existence of the database in their library. As such it can be said that there is no relative
awareness on the existence of the off-line database.
Respondents were asked to indicate the extent of awareness on the existence of off-line
databases in their library:
Table 2: Extent of awareness on the off-line databases
S/N Extent of awareness on off- line databases SA/A (%) UD (%) DA/SDA
1 Am aware of the existence of off-line e-
resources databases in my library
112 30.9 51 14.1 199(54.9%)
2 I knew about the existence of off-line e-
resources databases through university bulletin
119 32.8 68 18.8 175 (48.3%)
3 I knew about the existence of off-line e-
resources databases through websites and
portals
104 28.7 79 21.8 196(54.1%)
4 I knew about the existence of off-line e-
resources databases through library guide
98 27.0 79 21.8 185(51.1%)
5 I knew about the existence of off-line e-
resources databases through library bulletins
112 30.9 51 14.1 199(54.9%)
From the table on extent of awareness of off-line databases by undergraduate students: Less than
half of the respondents 112(30.9) attested they strongly agree they are aware of the existence of
off-line databases, 51 with (14.1) of the respondents stated they are undecided as regards to the
existence of the databases while more than half the respondents 199 (54.9) disagree to the claim
that they have knowledge of the existence of the databases. As such it was revealed that majority
of the users are not aware of the existence of off-line databases.Also, less than half of the
7

8. respondents 119 (32.8) uncovered that they knew about the existence of off-line e-resources
databases through the University Bulletin, by revealing that they strongly agree with these
assertions, 68(18.8) of the respondents were undecided, while less than half of the respondents
175(48.3) of the respondents disagree with the assertion.
Hence, it was further asked if students knew of the existence of off-line e-resources databases
through websites and portals in which less than half the respondents 104 (28.7) acknowledged and
strongly agree with the assertion, 79 (21.8) were undecided, and more than half the respondent
196(54.1) disagree respectively. In terms of awareness through library guides 98 (27.0) uncovered
they strongly agree they knew of the existence of off-line e-resources databases through library
guides, 79 (21.8) were undecided, and more than half the respondent 185(51.1) disagree, therefore
it was deduced that majority of the respondents affirmed they have not gotten awareness about the
existence of off-line e-resources databases through library guides.
In addition to the attestation on whether the student knew of the existence of off-line
databases through library bulletin, while 51 (14.1) were undecided, and more than half 199 (54.9)
disagree respectively.
Level of Familiarization with the off-line databases
Respondents whom indicated “yes were asked to rate their level of familiarization with the off-
line e-resources databases in their library:
Table 3: Level of Familiarization with the off-line databases
S/
N
SCALE FREQUENCY %
1 Excellent 18 5.0
2 Fair 51 14.1
4 Poor 293 80.9
Total 362 100
From the table above few respondents 18 (5.0) indicated their level of familiarization with the
database is excellent while less than half of the respondents 51 (14.1) stated it was fair, more than
half 293(80.9) stated it is poor. This can be attributed to the level of relevance and significance
accorded to the database by the undergraduate student.
Efforts made by users to familiarize with the off-line databases
8

9. Respondents whom indicated “No” were asked what effort they have made to familiarize
themselves with any of the off-line database:
Table 4: Efforts made by users to familiarize with the off-line databases
S/
N
OPTIONS FREQUENC
Y
%
1 Visit the library 285 78.
7
2 Ask the library staff 40 11.
0
3 Attend orientation Programs 20 5.5
4 Register with the library 17 4.7
5 Get the library guide/ handbook 0 0
Total 362 100
From the table above majority of the respondents 285 (78.7) said they made effort to
familiarize themselves with the database by visiting the library, while a few 40 (11.0) said they
ask the library staff, 20 (5.5) have attended orientation programs, 17(4.7) register with the library,
efforts made to familiarize through library guides and handbook was nil. This implies that the
students visit the library just to read their notebooks but most of them do not attend the orientation
programs organized for fresh students so as to be acquainted with the library resources and
services as such they do not attempt to explore the resources on the off-line database rather they
are often overwhelmed with the electronic resources accessed through the internet via their smart
phones or ipads.
TABLE 5: Extent of Use of Off-line Databases for academic activities
S/
N
OPTIONS FREQUENC
Y
%
1 Always 41 11.
3
2 Frequently 50 13.
8
3 Occasionally 37 10.
2
4 Rarely 234 64.
6
Total 362 100
9

10. From the table above few of the respondents 41 (11.3) indicated they always use the databases
in their library while a few of the respondents 50(13.8) ascertain it is used frequently, 37(10.2)
indicated it is used occasionally, and 234(64.6) asserted it is used rarely.
Table 6: Purpose of utilizing the off-line e-resources databases
S/N Options Frequency Percentage
1. Assignment/Class presentations 135 37.2
2. Update lecture notes 88 24.3
3. Personal Reading 99 27.3
4. Prepare for Exams 20 5.5
5. Project/ Research work 120 33.1
Total 362 100
From the table a few respondents 135 (37.2) indicated the purpose for utilizing the off-line e-
resources database is basically for assignment and class presentations, while a few 120(33.1) also
showed that they utilize the off-line e-resources databases for project /research work, and an in
significant number affirmed they a times utilize the off-line e-resources databases to update
lecture note, prepare for exams or do some personal reading to widen their horizon. This makes
the provision and use of Electronic Information Systems (EIS) in university libraries a critical
issue giving upmost concern and attention. In today's information age it would seem that library
users would not only be eager to take advantage of the convenience electronic resources have to
offer, but would be fully immersed in the new technologies (Elam, 2012). The provision and
utilization of off-line databases in any University library would enhance the academic
performance of student in that library.
Table 7: Reasons for not Using the Off-line Databases
S/
N
OPTIONS Frequency Percentage
1 Not aware of it 10 2.7
2 No easy access 8 2.2
3 Do not know how to search 7 1.9
4 Unsatisfactory result in the past 8 2.2
5 No time to search 10 2.7
6 No help available 10 2.7
7 Too cumbersome to access 10 2.7
8 To slow to download 10 2.7
10

11. Table 7 shows that few respondents 10(2.7) uncovered they have not been able to access the
off-line database because they are not aware of it existence, have no time for search, they feel
they do not need to access it, no help is available, too cumbersome to access, and to slow to
download. While a few also indicated unsatisfactory results based on the fact that they do not
know how to search. Findings of this study show that few of the respondents are not utilizing the
off-line database. This implies that the database are not being used based on the aforementioned
submissions by the undergraduate students of not been aware. Based on the simple fact that, the
young people grasp the opportunities now open to them through the internet on their ipads, smart
phones and PCs. Libraries must breast up to ensure student are given access to books, periodicals,
technical data and opinion, which will bring them into contact with cultural, scientific, technical
and social ideas. Electronic resources if adequately provided in the off-line database and used
would produce great critical thinkers and well taught graduates in Nigerian universities as a result
of the rich content they can access through libraries when these resources are available. When put
in place library users would continue to trust libraries as reliable source of information for their
academic pursuits. Though the use of electronic resources like the Internet is gaining wide
recognition among Nigerian undergraduates, off-line database resources has an important position
in the academic environment.
Table 8: Factors Inhibiting Utilization of Off-Line Databases
S/N Factors inhibiting utilization of off-line
databases
YES
Freq
% NO
Freq
%
1. Lack of off-line e-resources databases to
satisfy my needs affects my access to the
databases provided in my library
348 96.1 13 3.6
2. Inability to access relevant material from
the databases discourage me from
attempting to access the databases
347 93.6 14 3.9
3. Difficulty in searching and navigating
within the databases of the library also
discourage me
344 95.0 18 5.0
4. Lack of user orientation on how to access
the databases is a stumbling block
inhibiting my access to the databases
343 94.8 18 5.0
5. Difficulty to access the login ID and
password to show the content provided in
347 95.9 15 4.1
11

12. the databases
6. Lack of assistance from librarians 346 95.6 16 4.4
7. Inability to access the off-line e-resources
databases remotely
344 95.0 18 5.0
8. Inadequate knowledge on how to access
the offline e-resources databases
343 94.8 18 5.0
9. Lack of enabling infrastructural facilities 352 97.2 10 2.8
10. Poor supply of electricity 348 96.1 13 3.9
11. Lack of conducive atmosphere 347 95.9 15 4.1
table 8 revealed that majority of the respondents 348 (96.1) believe lack of available off-line
database to satisfy user’s need is a factor inhibiting users from utilizing off-line e-resources
databases provided in the library while few of the respondents 13(3.6) disagree with the
assertion. Also it was stated by majority of the respondents 347(95.8) that in ability to access
relevant material from the databases was hindering factor to effective utilization of off-line e-
resources databases while few out of the respondents 14(3.8) affirmed it is not a hindering factor
because they possess the requisite skills which helps in effective searching and navigation ,
majority of the respondents 344 (95.0) testified that they do encounter difficulty in searching and
navigating within the database, although 18(5.0)of the respondents still affirmed it is not a
hindering factor because 18(5.0) of the respondents stated that they had orientation on the use of
the database, in other words the other 343 respondents testified it is a hindering factor because
they lack orientation on the use of library and it resources and as well do not possess ICT skills at
all .Also majority of the respondents 347 (95.9) of the respondents testified that difficulty in
accessing login IDs and password to show the content provided in the databases has been a
hindering factor that affect effective utilization of off-line e-resources databases while 15 others
believe it is not a hindering factor at all ,because the inability to have access is sometimes
attributed to lack of assistance from the librarians, these is based on the fact that 346(95.6)
respondents agreed it is a contributing factor to their in ability to have access to the off-line
databases.
FINDINGS
1. The study unveiled lack of awareness on the existence of off-line databases has attributed to
the inadequate access and use.
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13. 2. It was further revealed that students hardly have access. By implication, this has impact on
the rate at which the respondents depend on off-line databases for free electronic resources.
Also, it has affected the level of patronage of the library in which majority of the respondents
indicated that they visited the main library occasionally in order to use the off-line database.
This corroborates the finding of Tella et al (2013) in a study that centered on how the
adoption of electronic information resources has affected academics’ information behavior.
3. The finding revealed that students make fewer visits to the library and read more than in the
print era across a broader number of journals which are accessible via internet.
4. The findings showed greater need for publicity and training this collaborate with the findings
of Weingart and Anderson (2012).
5. Furthermore findings of the study shows that university libraries provided quite a number of
electronic information resources in different types of off-line data bases subscribed to which
are very relevant to the students but fairly accessible due to the difficulty face by student in
accessing the login ID’s and passwords to show the content available in the databases.
Although the user’s expectation from any information system is to make available directly or
remotely and in real time the needed information and format. Corroborating these Anuobi and
Edoka (2010) opined that the library as a major information providing system supports
teaching, learning and research with information materials of various types.
6. The findings revealed that where all the infrastructural facilities needed are available libraries
fail to provide the login ID, IP address and authentication codes to communicate to students
regularly about the available off-line databases as such students are not effectively using the
ones available. In addition the current trends to satisfy the varying needs of their clienteles,
many universities are yet to harness the opportunities provided by these initiatives due to
inadequate facilities and maintenance culture, lack of skilled personnel to man the available
off-line databases as well as, lack of skills required to navigate the modern technology.
Corroborating this assertion Abdullah (2010) noted that most users are frustrated in trying to
access the databases in existence, however those willing to discover and use them tend to be
hindered by the unfriendly interfaces.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
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14. To meet the ever-increasing demands from users for remote access to information, academic
libraries now subscribe to electronic resources such as e-books, full-text e-journals and online and
off-line bibliographic databases. While the availability of these electronic resources enables
remote access to needed information, they concomitantly present issues and challenges. Off-line
resources needs call for a sustainable model for continuous access due to shrinking budget of
libraries. The innovative delivery services integral to accomplishing the goal of maximum
information accessibility have proven to be quite successful in reaching out to the diverse library
users’ targets and addressing their specific needs for enhanced academic performance. The
libraries of the future will be more of a portal through which students and staff will access the
vast information resources of the world and less of a place where information is kept. The need to
use electronic resources is of paramount importance to developing countries if access to up-to-
date e-resources is to be realized. When students effectively use the electronic resources on the
database to improve on their academic achievements and performance, there would be enough
justification for a library to use its budget to acquire or provide access to off-line databases and
also seek for more funding. The results of this study show that students could exploit the benefits
of electronic resources in their academic work if they are aware of their existence. For this, a
number of issues need to be addressed beforehand. This study, therefore, recommends the
following:
1) University libraries should re-orient the undergraduate students on how to access the
electronic resources in the off-line databases subscribed to by the University. Therefore it
was recommended that, there should be adequate user orientation programs so as further
publicize, sensitize and inculcate adequate search and retrieval skills to students who want
to patronize the library.
2) Adequate number of modern computers should be provided so as to ensure ease of access
and use of the databases. Likewise the computers to be acquired should be networked in
such a way that they are user friendly and can as well withstand rigorous usage. In
addition the provision of access to the off- line database remotely should be improved by
14

15. expanding Ethernet and intranet facilities of the university so as to facilitate easy access to
the off-line databases of the University from the hostels and classrooms.
3) Effort should be made to solve problems of incorrect User name and password provided to
undergraduate students which poses difficulty in accessing the e-resources in the off-line
databases of the University libraries by ensuring that IDs and passwords are not re-
distributed to unregistered users because its found to be an inherent problem which denies
users access to the databases.
4) Assistance from librarians because information of this nature is rarely forthcoming from
the providers themselves. The library staff should teach users some core competencies in
information access since users are often overwhelmed by all the materials made available
electronically as such they should serve as intermediaries between the databases and the
users by educating users about the databases that are part of a consortial purchase and of
which proxy access is permitted as well as devising easy access for journal articles that
become free after some fixed interval of time following their publication, by establishing a
gateway to providers servers and maintaining active and accurate links to journal titles by
adding new journal titles, deleting ceased and cancelled titles, tracking titles that provide
electronic access with print subscriptions by ensuring coverage change.
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