Integrated weed management for tomato production

Integrated Weed Management Strategy
for Tomato Production

A Proposal by:

Marco M. Hamili
Blaisae A. Joloyohoy
Sushmita P. Llanita
Jimae Faith B. Magnaye
Jackielyn M. Nacaituna

Submitted to:

Mrs. Sylvia Minda T. Dargantes
Instructor

Integrated Weed Management Strategy for Tomato 2

Introduction

Tomato is considered one of the priced plant commodities in the world. It is considered as a
vegetable and a fruit and has a variety of uses. Tomato is also processed into a variety of products which
are utilized in many food preparations which proves that it is very profitable (urbanext.illinois.edu,
2012).

In the Philippine context, tomato ranks second in the top horticultural crops being produced and
the production industry is dominated by small scale farmers. Tomato became one of their favourite
crops to grow due to its constant demand since it is a part of the common Filipino cuisines and its high
price relative to its quality. Although it is produced widely, the average yield of the Philippines is
relatively low and insignificant as compared to the world’s average (http://www.absp2.cornell.edu,
2012). The January-March Performance of Philippine Agriculturereport of the Department of Agriculture
indicated that the volume of production of tomato declined by 1.50%.The decline was due to land
conversion for other crops in the top. However, the value of production increased by 8.87%
(http://www.da.gov.ph, 2011). With these given data, it could be analysed that although the volume
being produced decreased, the price of tomatoes increased in the market. Thus, by following the law of
demand and supply, it is still in equilibrium which tells us that the decreased of supply was balanced by
the increase in price. This means that there is still profit for the tomato producers.

In terms of production, tomato requires intensive care but the growing period does not take
long. The inputs for production are costly which is one factor causing the small-scale farmers to
dominate the production. The planting distance of tomato varies upon the variety – smaller varieties
require smaller planting area while larger varieties require larger areas. In relation to its pest
management, pesticide application, specifically the insecticide, is being applied once or twice per week
is a preventive measure. Insect infestation is the worst problem of tomato producers because the
insects are vectors of viruses. These viruses are carried by flies which could either be a geminivirus
(could cause either Tomato Leaf Curl Virus or Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus) and the Cucumber Mosaic
Virus. If these viruses will infest the area, the yield will be reduced from 50-100%
(http://www.absp2.cornell.edu, 2012). Such possible instances hinder the large -scale producers to
enter the production scenario since it induces the fearof large losses of profit.

In the Philippines, the most commonly grown and recommended varieties are the Cherry, Apollo
and Magilas. These varieties exhibit different resistance towards diseases and their high yielding ability
made them a favourite by the Filipino farmers (http://www.bar.gov.ph, 2012). Moreover, these varieties
can thrive in open field environments, produce medium-sized fruits and it is less perishable compared to
the Green House varieties.

However, in terms of weed resistance, not a single tomato variety can inhibit the growth of
these competing organisms. The most disadvantageous factors that could induce weed growth in
producing tomatoes are the time needed for preparing the seedlings, the land preparation and the
planting distance required which could accommodate the growth of weeds. If not done quickly, weeds
could emerge and compete with the tomatoes at earlier stages which could further affect the yield. A
study conducted in line with this problem showed a 40-60% yield decrease if the weeds in area will not
be controlled (Adigun, 2005).


Thus, there is a need to formulate adaptable strategies in managing the weeds in an area
planted with tomatoes. This integrated weed management strategy for tomatois composed of review of
established and possible formulation of another strategy. Moreover, actual costing for each
management strategies is included in order to see if the strategy is economically viable. In addition, the
proponents who purposely reviewed the management systems in order to check if they are in line with
the Good Agriculture Practices (GAP), the code for organic agriculture. The GAP aims to promote
sustainable production of agricultural products which are economically viable, environmentally friendly
and socio-culturally adaptable to the local folks who are the backbone of the Philippine Agriculture
Industry.

Objectives
At the end of the exercise, the proponents are expected to accomplish the following:

1. Identify the common weed management strategies in tomato
2. Compare the different weed management programs
3. Formulate an IWM for tomato

Review of Related Literature
Tomato Production: Must-Knows

Tomato or universally known as either Lycopersiconesculentum or
Solanumlycopersicum, belongs to the solanaceous family and considered as one of the top
produced crops in the world. Tomato production is considered as a profitable enterprise yet
laborious. This makes tomatoes highly valuable and its uses in food are also indispensable.

Tomatoes are considered as a “hot weather” crop which indicates it needs high
humidity and light in optimum amounts and it is a “heavy feeder”, which means it needs high
amounts of nutrients and water. Production requires a very friable soil which must be loose at
least 30.48 cm deep and a pH which would range from 5.8-7.

Planting method of tomatoes is transplanting which means that they will be grown as
seedlings before exposing them to the fields which would likely to occur at 6 weeks’ time after
pricking. The planting distance of tomato varies upon the growth habit. Tomatoes can either be
determinate or indeterminate. The determinate growth habit does not require trellising since it
will be herbaceous and erect and should be planted at least 60 cm away from each other
because such varieties needs adequate air circulation. On the other hand, the varieties with
indeterminate growth habit tend to crawl on the ground or climb trellises if provided. If allowed
to crawl on the field, they should be planted 92 cm away from each other but if will be provided
with trellises, they will be planted with a distance between rows of 51 cm and distance between
hills of 5 cm (Abaygay, 2010).

In terms of pest control, application of pesticides is regular due to the nature of tomato
to be vulnerable especially in the fruiting period. Being a solanaceous crop, it has succulent
stems which can easily be attacked by pests and its fruit can easily be damaged since it is very


fleshy. Application of insecticides occurs at least once a week to prevent the insects from
invading the area and carry viruses which will cause the greatest damage. Fungal diseases are
abundant but can be prevented with fungicides. Usage of resistant varieties is also practiced in
order to avoid or minimize the possible damage caused by these organisms. Weed control on
the other hand is done by thorough land preparation, mulching, hand weeding and chemical
control. There’s no tomato variety which could supress the growth of weeds thus the mentioned
practices are made. Weed infestation can also cause significant decrease in yield if will exceed
the threshold level (http://www.bar.gov.ph, 2012).

The tomatoes will bear the first fruits 3-4 months after sowing and during a season,
harvesting should occur from 4-15 times. The fruits can be harvested while it is not too ripe for
longer shelf life and the ripe ones, which are indicated by the colour red, should be separated
immediately in order not to induce ripening to other tomatoes. Commonly, the packaging of
tomatoes in the Philippines is in the form of wooden boxes which has a capacity of 25 kg per
box. The marketing of the tomato can occur by hauling them to the public market or by
instances that the buyers will go to the farm. Each tomato plant could bear 3 kg, given that
there were no occurrences of pest or any damage due to other factors.

Reported Weed Management Strategies
There are weed management strategies established which are currently practiced by
farmers. The following management strategies are published by Janiya, J. D (2002):

Management System 1:
a. Prepare the land thoroughly and remove at least one weed flush before
transplanting the tomato seedlings.
b. Spread the rice straw mulch uniformly (5.0 cm thick) between the furrows after
transplanting.
c. Push lightly the rice straw mulch towards the base of the tomato seedlings 1 week
after transplanting to fully cover the whole area with mulch.
d. Remove the weeds that went through the mulch by hand weeding 25-30 days after
transplanting (DAT)

The costing for this management system is as follows. The rate is followed according
to the assumptions:
Operation and Inputs Cost
Land preparation 900Php
Spreading the rice straw 1200Php
Pushing the rice straw towards the base of the plants 1000Php
Hand weeding 3200Php
Rice straw 1500Php
TOTAL COST 7800Php


Management strategy 1 requires 7800Php for its conduct. Relative to the cost
and revenue, the amount required is not that significant. However, it is not efficient
because the rice straws should be manipulated twice. Moreover, the cost of
mulching material is quiet expensive and thus, it must not go to waste.

b. Apply fluazifop-butyl at ¼ liter product/ha for grass weed control at the 4-6 leaf
stages of grasses. Onecide 15 EC does not control broadleaves and sedges.
c. Remove the uncontrolled weeds by hand weeding 20-25 DAT

to the assumptions:
Operation and Inputs Cost
Onecide 15 EC 400Php
Application of Pesticide 700Php
Water 50Php
Hand weeding 3200Php
TOTAL COST 5250Php

The cost of this weed management strategy is relatively lower as compared to
management system 1. However, the application of an herbicide is not friendly to
the environment and with the given information, it only controls the grasses. Sedges
may not be significantly present in the upland area but the broadleaves are
considered more damaging compared to the grasses. This might proceed to the
application of another herbicide which will control the broadleaves. In addition,
hand weeding will also be done which proves that the application of the chemical
control is not that effective. As established, the application of chemical control
should be done in worst cases, but in this management system – that application is
being defied.

b. Remove the weeds be hoeing and spot weeding 10, 20 and 30 DAT


to the assumptions:
Labor and Inputs Cost
Spot weeding/Hoeing (3X) 9600Php
TOTAL COST 10500Php

Management System 3 is the most costly among the management strategies
proposed by Janiya, D.A. (2002) yet the process is very effective in controlling
weeds. However, it is labor intensive and the procedure of hoeing can damage the
root system of the tomato.

Another management strategy was published by the Bureau of Agricultural
Research which is as follows:

“By using a carabao-drawn plow or hand hoe, cultivate in between rows of plants by off barring at
14-21 DAT. Hill-up at 28-35 DAT. Spot-weed at the surrounding of the seedlings after each off-barring
and hilling-up if there are standing weeds. If plastic mulch is available, mulch the area before
transplanting.”

to the assumptions:
Labor and Inputs Cost
Land Preparation 900Php
Off-barring 1200Php
Hilling up 1200Php
Spot weeding 3200Php
Plastic Mulch 15000Php
Application of Mulch 2000Php
TOTAL COST 23500Php

This management system is the most expensive among the four due to the
usage of the plastic mulch. As observed, there are methods of both hilling-up and
off-barring in the scenario. If analysed, this is not a practical method because it
might disturb the root system and the carabao may also eat the tomato plants and
may cause further damage during the harvesting period. The movement of the soil
will also promote aeration but soil erosion might happen eventually. Thus, this is not
a practical method of a weed management strategy because it is not efficient and
very costly. In addition, it is not environmentally sound since there will be usage of
plastic which at the end of the cropping season will turn into a non-biodegradable
waste.


Assumptions
The assumptions of the proposed integrated weed management systems for tomato
production set the scope and limitations of the location, area and source of materials to be used
for the whole production process.

The site will be at Nacaituna’s Farm, located at Kibawe, Bukidnon. The area allocated is
10000 m2 and all of the materials will be bought at agricultural supply stores or product
providers of the town. The labor force will be gathered at the same area. The animals that will
be used in ploughing must be owned by the labourer. The rate of wage to be given will also be
relative to the usual payment in the area and will be in a form of package per operation.

The variety to be used is the Magilas and the cropping season will last for 5 months
where in the last 3 months will be the harvesting period. Trellising is not required since this
variety has determinate growth habit but will be made as a support during fruiting stage. Thus,
the planting distance will be 60 cm x 60 cm as recommended. Thus there would be 27, 778
plants in a hectare. There would be 50 rows in the area and there would be 556 plants per row.
Pruning will also be done to reach the 100% yield. 100% yield means that each plant will
produce 4 kilos of tomato for the cropping season.

The soil is also assumed to be in best condition for growing tomatoes. No liming will be
required but in the next season, it will be a need.

The planting process will be based upon the recommendation of the Bureau of
Agricultural Research. The recommendation includes the application of fertilizers and pesticides
and other necessary operations. The expenses will also be based from it.

The planting process according to the Bureau of Agricultural Research:

Seedbed Preparation
1. Make seedbed 50 cm apart with any convenient length in an area fully exposed to
sunlight
2. Pulverize the soil thoroughly and add compost or dried animal manure at the rate of
5 kg per sqmeter.
3. Sterilize the soil by burning rice straw or rice hull on top of the seedbed for 4-5
hours to kill soil-bon pathogens.
4. Drench the seedbed with fungicide-insecticide solution.
5. To protect the seedlings from heavy rains, place plastic roofing.

Sowing
1.Wet the seedbed thoroughly before sowing.
2.Make horizontal rows 5cm apart.
3. Sow 80-100 seeds in every 50 cm row (150-200 g of seeds are needed per hectare).
4.Cover the seeds with a thin layer of soil and place rice straw mulch.
5.Water the seedbed daily (seedlings start to emerge 3-6 days from sowing).

Care of Seedlings
1. 3-5 days later germination, prick the seedlings by transferring them into a tray or
seedbox toallow more space between seedlings and prevent damping-off. In the


absence of seedling trayor seedbox, use paper pots (rolled), “lukong” or rolled
banana leaves, and plastic bags.
2. Plant the seedlings in a soil mixture consisting of garden soil, compost (or
well decomposedanimal manure and rice hull in a 2:3:1 ratio). If possible, sterilize
the soil mixture by baking orthrough steam.
3. Drench the newly pricked seedlings with fungicide solution to prevent damping-off.
If insectappears, spray the seedlings with appropriate insecticide.
4. For large scale production, use seedbed. In this case, pricking is not done. Instead,
thinning isdone to allow more space between seedlings.
5. A week after pricking or thinning, apply starter solution (2 tbsp Ammonium
Phosphate (16-20-0)or 14-14-14 dissolved in 1 gal water).
6. A foliar fertilizer may also be used.
7. 1 week before transplanting, harden the seedlings by gradually reducing the amount
andfrequency of watering until the seedlings experience temporary wilting.

Transplanting
1. Select healthy seedlings with 3-5 leaves 3-4 weeks after seedling emergence.
2. Transplant 2-3 seedlings per hill spaced 40 cm apart.
3. Transplant in the afternoon.
4. Press the soil gently around the base of the seedlings.
5. Water immediately.
6. Replant missing hills 5-7 days after transplanting.

Trellising
1. Trellising is recommended in growing semi-determinate and indeterminate
varieties.
2. Use bamboo or ipil-ipil poles as post.
3. Tie the branches to the post and train the vines using plastic straw.

Nutrient Management
1. 1-2 days before planting, apply 20 g 14-14-14 per hill and mix it thoroughly with
the soil.
2. 3-4 weeks after transplanting, mix 2 parts of Urea (46-0-0) with 1 part Muriate of
Potash (0-0-60) and apply 1 tbsp (10g) of the mixture 6-8cm away from the base
of the plants in bands (firstsidedressing).
3. Apply another 1 tbsp of the mixed fertilizer two weeks later (second sidedressing).

Water Management
Depending on the weather and soil, water the plants once a week until early fruiting stage.

Chemical control methods will be used for the management of both insect and pathogen pests. 5 types of
different pesticides will be used alternately for 10 weeks with in the growing season. The application rate
would be 200 L/ha.
The products will be bought at farm gate price at 20Php per kilo. The packaging will be
by 25 kg and will be placed at wooden boxes. Moreover, it will be assumed that the buyers
will be the one to go to the area for trade.


The following rates for each farm operation and inputs:

Table 1: Price of farm inputs

Input Price per Quantity
Tomato seeds (200 g) 5000Php
1 sack of Complete (14-14-14) (50 kg) 1250Php/sack
1 sack Urea (46-0-0) (50 kg) 11190Php/sack
1 sack Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) (50 kg) 1270Php/sack
Plastic roofing 2000Php/ set
1 sack Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) (50 kg) 960Php/sack
Chicken Dung 150Php / sack
Sticks for trellis 2000Php
Twine 1320Php
Trellising Material 300Php/kg
1 sack Rice hull 10Php/sack
Lannate 40 SP 1500Php/kg
Provin 85 WP 1000Php/kg
Hercules 750Php/L
Dithane M-45 100Php/kg
Vitigran Blue 35 WP 600Php/kg
Water 5000Php/season
Wooden boxes 15Php/box

Table 2: Rate of labor for Farm Operations per head

Farm Operation Rate per head (Php)
Seed bed preparation 2500Php /package
Sowing 2000Php /package
Care of Seedlings 1500Php /package
Transplanting 350Php / 1000 seedlings transplanted
Trellising 150Php /head
Sticking 150Php/head
Hilling-up 300Php/head
Pruning 2500Php/package
Fertilizer Application-Side dressing 50Php/sack
Fertilizer Application-Spraying 20Php/load
Harvesting 10Php / box being harvested
Installment of Sprinkler System 30000Php/package


Revenue:

Table 3: Cost Analysis of production excluding the cost for the integrated weed management
strategy:
Input
Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost
Labor Cost
Seed bed preparation 1 2500Php 2500Php
Sowing 1 2000Php 2000Php
Care of Seedlings 1 1500Php 1500Php
Transplanting 28 350Php 9800Php
Trellising 12 150Php 1800Php
Sticking 3 150Php 450Php
Hilling-up 3 300Php 900Php
Pruning 1 2500Php 2500Php
Fertilizer Application-Side dressing 22 50Php 1100Php
Fertilizer Application-Spraying 125 20Php 2500Php
Harvesting 11112 10Php 111120Php
Installing the Sprinkler System 1 10000Php 10000Php
SUBTOTAL 146170Php
Cost of Inputs
Tomato seeds (200 g) 1 5000Php 5000Php
1 sack of Complete (14-14-14) (50 kg) 11 1250Ph 13750Php
1 sack Urea (46-0-0) (50 kg) 7 11190Php 8330Php
1 sack Muriate of Potash (0-0-60) (50 kg) 4 1270Php 5080Php
Plastic roofing 1 2000Php 2000Php
1 sack Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0) (50 kg) 1 960Php 960Php
Chicken Dung 20 150Php 3000Php
Sticks for trellis 1 2000Php 2000Php
Twine 1 1320Php 1320Php
Trellising Material 100 300Php 30000Php
1 sack Rice hull 5 10Php 50Php
Lannate 40 SP 1 1500Php 1500Php
Provin 85 WP 1 1000Php 1000Php
Hercules 1 750Php 750Php
Dithane M-45 1 100Php 100Php
Vitigran Blue 35 WP 1 600Php 600Php
Wooden boxes 11112 15Php 166680Php
Water 1 5000Php 5000Php
Sprinkler System 1 30000Php 30000Php
SUBTOTAL 277120Php
GRAND TOTAL 423290Php


From the computatio, it is established that a capital of 423290Php is needed to establish
a tomato farm with an area of 1 hectare. The amount is exclusive of the weed management
strategy to be used. Moreover, the computed revenue is 2222240Php which at maximum and will
also be used as the standard as assumed that the crops will have 100% yield and all the practices
prevented the damage to the crop

The Proposed Integrated Weeding Management Strategy for Tomato

Thorough Land Preparation

Selective mulching

Hand Weeding

Diagram of the Processes of the Proposed Integrated Weed Management Strategy

1. Thorough Land Preparation

Thorough land preparation requires at least 2 passes of ploughing in two different
directions: one is the direction of the length and the other is following the direction of
the width. The purpose of which is to loosen the roots of the weeds in the area and
expose them to desiccation. The land will be exposed to direct sunlight for a week.

Harrowing will follow which will have at least 2 passes to pulverize the soil in such way
that it will be suitable for planting tomato. It will also follow the directions of the
ploughing.

Furrowing will follow the next day and will form criss-crossed with a planting distance of
.75 m x .75 m which follows the high-density plant population of tomato production.
This will provide closer plants and less space for weeds to grow. Moreover, each tomato
plant will prevent the development of weeds due to closer canopy which will block the
sunlight.


Transplanting will follow immediately after the furrowing in order to establish the
tomato seedlings and acclimatized them to the new environment. Moreover, the
absence of the weeds at the duration will aid the seedlings to grow better since there
would be no competitors for nutrients, water and sunlight.

2. Selective Mulching

Selective mulching refers to the method wherein the selected areas of the plant will be
covered with mulch. Only the circular area near the base of the plants will be covered to
reduce the cost of mulching material since almost half of the calculated. The thickness
of the mulch will be 5.0 cm for each plant.

Moreover, the mulching material to be used will not be primarily the rice straw due to
the possibility that it will be a vector of weed propagules from its source. Dried leaves
from the area will be more suitable but if not available, rice straw will be used.

This step will follow right after the transplanting of the seedlings.

3. Spot and Hand Weeding

Spot and hand weeding will follow 20-25 days after transplanting (DAT) and will only
happen if necessary. The basis for its necessity will be the growth of weeds near the
tomato seedlings which will emerge from the mulch.

Table 1. Field Operations’ Schedule with its corresponding purpose for the proposed Integrated
Weed Management strategy

Field Operation Schedule Purpose

1. Thorough land preparation 2 WBT Kill weeds
(ploughing, harrowing, furrowing). Pulverize the soil
Delay weed emergence
2. Selective Mulching 3 DAT Conserve moisture and
prevent growth of weeds
3. Spot and Hand Weeding 20-25 DAT Remove weeds growing near
the seedlings


Table 2. Cost Analysis of theproposed IntegratedWeed Management Strategy:

Field Operation Number of Unit Cost Total Cost
Units
A. Labor cost:
Land preparation 4 300.00 Php 1200.00 Php
Mulching 8 150.00 Php 1200.00 Php
Hand weeding 16 200.00 Php 3200.00 Php

SUBTOTAL 5600.00 Php
B. Cost of Inputs

Mulching material 50 10.00 Php 750.00 Php

SUBTOTAL 750.00 Php
TOTAL COST 6350.00 Php

Discussion

The four established weed management system and the proposed weed management system
are then compared according to their expenses with the overall costing for tomato production in a
hectare. The table below shows overall costing of production and the profit when the total cost of inputs
was deducted from the total revenue.

Integrated Weed Management Systems of Tomato
Management Management Management Management Management System
system 1 system 2 system 3 system 4 5(Proposed Weed
(Janiya, 2002) (Janiya, 2002) (Janiya, 2002) (bar.gov.ph,2012) Management Strategy)
Cost of each weed 7800Php 5250Php 10500Php 23500Php 6350Php
Management
system
Cost of inputs 423290Php 423290Php 423290Php 423290Php 423290Php
Total Cost of 431090Php 428540Php 433790Php 446790Php 429640Php
Inputs
Total Revenue 2222240Php 2222240Php 2222240Php 2222240Php 2222240Php
Profit 1791150Php 1793700Php 1788450Php 1775450Php 1792600Php

Based from the table above, it could be observed that the profits with the use each
management system are not that far from each other. But the highest profit could be made with the
usage of Management System 2 and followed by Management System 5 which is the proposed weed
management strategy by the proponents.


If analysed further, there’s no big difference among the profit yet in terms of other factors such
as environmental soundness and efficiency, the proposed weed management strategy is on the edge.
Management System 2 makes use of herbicide in order to control the weeds why is not good for the
environment. It is also inefficient since it already used the chemical control yet it will still utilize hand
weeding. Furthermore, the chemical control will only control the grasses and sedges – the broadleaves
and sedges will still be left in the field.

Management Systems’ 1,3 and 4 are also good and economically viable but Management
Systems’ 2 and 5 are less expensive. All of the management systems for weeds could be done due to
preferences. Moreover, tomato production commonly gives high economic yield unlike other crops.
Lastly, weed management in tomato can only be effective if the time frame for its use will be followed.

Conclusion
From the observations made, it is concluded that the proposed integrated weed
management for tomato production can be an alternative choice for managing weeds.
Moreover, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. The common weed management strategies used in tomato are published by Janiya, J.D.
(2002) and by the Bureau of Agricultural Research (bar.gov.ph, 2012).
2. The different weed management systems ,in general, have their strengths particularly on
the environmentally friendliness, economic viability .However, there are also weaknesses in
terms of its efficiency
3. The proposed integrated weed management strategy for tomato can be an alternative since
it is efficient, economically viable and environmentally friendly. Moreover, it is in line with
the guidelines and goals of Good Agriculture Practices due to its methodologies that does
not harm the environment and sustains the productivity of the crops.

The proposed integrated weed management system is composed by 3 steps:

a. Thorough land preparation
b. Selective Mulching
c. Spot weeding/hand weeding

(Refer to pages 11-2 for details)

References

Book Source:
Janiya, J.D. (2002) Weed Mangement in Major Crops of the Philippines: Yield losses, major weed
species and suggested management systems in selected major crops. Philippines. Weed
Science Society of the Philippines, Inc. and Crop Protection Association of the Philippines,
Inc. p. 58-9


Electronic Journals (.pdf):
Adigun, J.A (2005).Critical period of weed interference in rain fed and irrigated tomatoes in
Nigerian Savannah. AgriculturaTropicaEtSubtropica. Vol 38(2) 2005.p 73-9. Retrieved
on August 26, 2012 from
http://www.agriculturaits.czu.cz/pdf_files/vol_38_2_pdf/adigun.pdf

Online Sources:
University of Illinois (2012)Tomato.University of Illinois: Watch Your Garden Grow.
Retrieved on August 24, 2012 a fromhttp://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/tomato.cfm

Bureau of Agricultural Research (2012).Tomato.AGFISHTECH Online. Retrieved on August 22,
2012 from http://www.bar.gov.ph/agfishtech/crops/tomato.asp

Cornell University (2012).Tomato MVR – Philippines.Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project
II.Retrieved on August 25, 2012 from
http://www.absp2.cornell.edu/projects/intersect.cfm?productid=3&countryid=3

Department of Agriculture(2011). Performance of Philippine Agriculture: January-March 2011.
Department of Agriculture. Retrieved on August 25, 201 from
http://www.da.gov.ph/n_sub.php?pass=performance/2011/performance.html

Abygay, C.(2010) Growing Tomatoes (High Value Vegetable).EntrePinoyAtbp. Retrieved on
August 26, 2012 from
http://www.mixph.com/2009/09/growing-tomatoes-high-value-vegetable.html

Integrated weed management for tomato production

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (17)

Similar to Integrated weed management for tomato production

Similar to Integrated weed management for tomato production (20)

Integrated weed management for tomato production