Main Landforms in bilingual subject of geography

1. LITHOSPHERE
LANDFORMS
Juan Antonio García González
University of Castilla La Mancha
Geographying in the clouds ; -)
orcid.org/0000-0001-7049-1085
Giant's Causeway, Nothern Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%27s_Cause
way

2. Small to medium tracts or parcels of the earth’s surface are called
landforms. Each landform has its own physical shape, size, materials and
is a result of the action of certain geomorphic processes and agent(s)
Landforms once formed may change in their shape, size and nature slowly
or fast due to continued action of geomorphic processes and agents
https://www.disfrutalasvegas.com/gran-canon
Grand Canyon Colorado, USA

3. Each and every landform has a history of development and changes through
time. Most of the geomorphic processes are imperceptible functions and can
only be seen and measured through their results
Zhangye Danxia Landform Geological Park in Gansu Province, China

4. EARTH'S CRUST STRUCTURES

5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basin

6. SHIELDS
Solid Granite Rock Surfaces
They are homogeneous from their morphology
Tectonic stability
Soft and smooth shapes

7. SEDIMENTARY BASINS
Topographically depressed areas
Sometimes they find themselves
submerged
Tectonic stability https://geographyoral.weebly.com/mississippi-drainage-basin.html

8. ÁREAS MONTAÑOSAS
lugares más jóvenes
Importantes variaciones de relieve
Rocas sedimentarias con corazón granítico
https://xn--rutaspormontaa-2nb.es/actividades/parque-nacional-de-los-pirineos-francia/
Parque Nacional de los
Pirineos (Francia)

9. LITHOLOGICAL MODELING
Sedimentary rocks
Limestone rocks
Granite rocks
LANDFORMS TYPOLOGY
STRUCTURAL MODELLING
Horizontal
Folding
Failed
CLIMATE MODELING
Glacial and periglacial
Arid regions
Tropical regions https://en.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/Gre
at_Blue_Hole
Great
Blue
Hole,
Belize

10. LITHOLOGICAL MODELING
Sedimentary rocks
Limestone rocks
Granite rocks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naica_Mine
Selenite crystals in Naica Mine Chihuahua MEXICO. lead, zinc and silver mine

11. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima_(tepuy) tepuy Roraima. Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil
• Rocks from the dissolution of crystalline and calcareous rocks (clays
and loams).
• Little cohesive rocks with strong mechanical wear, especially rain
(gullies).
• Sometimes they are more cemented and have a greater fight against
erosion (sandstones).
• If they metamorphose, they become much harder rocks (quartzite).
• They hydrate easily and can suffer significant landslides. (Solifluxion
flows).

12. Marls, Clays, Sands, Conglomerates,…

13. Sandstone

14. KARST FEATURES
Any limestone or dolomitic region showing typical landforms produced by the action of
groundwater through the processes of solution and deposition is called Karst. The
surface water percolates well when the rocks are permeable, thinly bedded and highly
jointed and cracked
Rocks like limestones or dolomites rich in calcium carbonate, the surface water as
well as groundwater through the chemical process of solution and precipitation
deposition develop varieties of landforms
LIMESTONE ROCKS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_ForestThe Stone Forest or Shilin, China

15. Various Karst features

16. • Swallow holes form: Small to
medium sized round to sub-rounded
shallow depressions
• Pools: Swallow holes with water
• Sinkholes. A sinkhole is an opening
more or less circular at the top and
funnel-shapped towards the bottom
with sizes varying in area from a few
sq. m to a hectare and with depth
from a less than half a metre to thirty
metres or more
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
CENOTE, MEXICOhttp://www.neuriwoman.com/2010/06/skinhole-de-ik-kil-cenote-mexico-3.html

17. Uvala: When sink holes and dolines join together because of slumping of materials
along their margins or due to roof collapse of caves, long, narrow to wide trenches
called valley sinks or Uvalas form
Polje. Sierra de la Tramontana, Mallorcahttps://previa.uclm.es/profesorado/egcardenas/doli.htm

18. Lapies and Limestone Pavements
these ridges or lapies form due to
differential solution activity along
parallel to sub-parallel joints. The
lapie field may eventually turn into
somewhat smooth limestone
pavements
Doline: Sinkholes colapses

19. Caves: reas where there are alternating beds of rocks (shales, sandstones, quartzites)
with limestones or dolomites
The Murmuring Cave. The Škocjan Caves Regional Park. Republic of Slovenia
https://www.naravniparkislovenije.si/en/nature-parks/skocjan-caves-regional-park

20. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
• Stalactites: hang as icicles of different diameters. Normally they are
broad at their bases and taper towards the free ends showing up in a
variety of forms
• Stalagmites: rise up from the floor of the caves
http://estalactitasyestalagmitas.blogspot.com/

21. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
Pillars: The stalagmite and stalactites eventually fuse to give rise to columns
and pillars of different diameters https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avshalom_Cave

22. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
Travertinos: Organic limestone's barriers https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamukkale

23. Sugarloaf Mountain Rio de janeiro Brasil
GRANITE ROCKS
It is a rock heterogeneous by composition and type of
grain.
Granite is not very massive, with diaclases, originated
in the formation of a magmatic rock.
Certain components of the rock behave differently
Its modeling varies depending on where it is located
on the planet (humidity and temperature).

25. STRUCTURAL
MODELLING
Horizontal
Folding
Failed
San Andreas Fault
California USA

26. HORIZONTAL LANDFORMS
The West and East Mitten Buttes (also known as the Mittens) are two buttes in
the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park in northeast Navajo County, Arizona
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_and_East_Mitten_Buttes

27. The Wave, Vermillion Cliffs National Monument Arizona USA
FOLDING LANDFORMS
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wave

29. https://geography.name/landforms-and-rock-structure/

30. https://www3.nd.edu/~cneal/PlanetEarth/Lab-Deserts/Erosional.html
Plateaus: comparatively flat upland areas formed in regions of horizontal rock layers. The plateau becomes
dissected by rivers and distinctive landforms are produced.
Mesa: a generally flat-topped area, bounded by cliffs, that is quite a bit wider (usually) than it is high.
Buttes: smaller, flat-topped landforms isolated by erosion. They are more or less as wide as they are high.
Monuments (or spires): slender features that are much higher than they are wide.

31. EVOLUTION OF
RELIEF

32. http://sageography.co.za/wiki/grade-11-caps/grade-11-caps-
geomorphology/inclinedtilted-rock-strata/

33. http://geoclasses.com/3d-flip-book/sedimentology/landforms-associated-with-with-strata-2/

34. https://slideplayer.com/slide/4195845/

35. FOLDED STRUCTURES
https://www.slideshare.net
/JahangirAlam168/geologi
c-structure-fold-fault-amp-
unconformity

36. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbJQrhqsQVA

39. http://elauladehistoria.blogspot.com/2015/10/re
lieve-causado-por-la-erosion_8.html
APALACHIAN RELIEF

40. http://lamejortierradecastilla.com/fosiles-y-curiosa-geologia-en-el-camino-de-guadalupe/

41. http://tierraehistoria.blogsp
ot.com/2014/10/relieve-
diferencial-horizontal.html

42. Parts of a FaultFAILED STRUCTURES
https://www.researchg
ate.net/publication/33
4508149_Fault_core_
and_its_geostatistical
_analysis_Insight_into
_the_fault_core_thick
ness_and_fault_displa
cement/figures?lo=1

43. http://www.geologypage.com/2017/10/three-main-types-faults.html

45. CLIMATE MODELING
ICE
WIND
WATER
Hoodoos in Utah's Goblin Valley. USA
https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/blogs/the-oddly-
expressive-hoodoos-of-goblin-valley-state-park

46. GLACIERS
Masses of ice moving as sheets over the land or as linear flows
down the slopes of mountains in broad trough-like valleys
(mountain and valley glaciers) are called glaciers
The movement could be a few centimetres to a few metres a day
or even less or more because of the force of gravity
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/glacier/
• Islandsides: powerful and continuous mass of ice
• Alpine zones (Altitude)
• Valley Glacier
Perito Moreno, Argentina

47. Flattened sections
Glacial thresholds
Buckets or glacial lakes
Longitudinal profile
Transversal profile
U-shaped valley (lateral erosion)
Glacial Circus (reception basin)
Moraines (transport and sedimentation)

49. Gelifraction
Glacier unrolling
Rubbing
Speed
Adherence
Thickness

50. GLACIERS
Erosion by glaciers is tremendous because of friction caused by
sheer weight of the ice. Glaciers can cause significant damage to
even un-weathered rocks and can reduce high mountains into
low hills and plains.
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/Iceland.Field.Trip/Lectures/18.Glaciers.Ice.Ages/glaciers__ice_ages.htm
Gelifraction
Glacier unrolling
Rubbing
Speed
Adherence
Thickness

51. http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/Iceland.Field.Trip/Lectures/18.Glaciers.Ice.Ages/glaciers__ice_ages.htm

52. http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/Iceland.Fiel
d.Trip/Lectures/18.Glaciers.Ice.Ages/glaciers__ice_age
s.htm

53. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
Glacial Micromodeling: Smoothed and grooved areas

54. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
https://www.biodiversidadvirtual.org/geolog
ia/Valle-glaciar-de-Ordesa-img2601.html
Ordesa y Monte Perdido
National Park
Glacial Valleys/Troughs
Glaciated valleys are trough-like and U-shaped with broad floors and relatively
smooth, and steep sides
The faces of divides or spurs of such hanging valleys opening into main glacial valleys
are quite often truncated to give them an appearance like triangular facets

55. http://www.naturascape.es/valle-de-ordesarecorrido-por-un-valle-glaciar/

56. http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/Icelan
d.Field.Trip/Lectures/18.Glaciers.Ice.Ages/glacier
s__ice_ages.htm
Very deep U-shaped
glacial troughs filled
with sea water and
making up shorelines (in
high latitudes) are called
fjords/fiords
Fjords
Preikestolen
Stavanger
(Norway)

57. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
Horns and Serrated Ridges
He divides
between cirque
side walls or head
walls get narrow
because of
progressive
erosion and turn
into serrated or
saw-toothed
ridges sometimes
referred to as
arêtes with very
sharp crest and a
zig-zag outline

58. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS Cirque
Cirques are the most common of landforms in glaciated mountains. The cirques quite
often are found at the heads of glacial valleys
They are deep, long and wide troughs or basins with very steep concave to vertically
dropping high walls at its head as well as sides
http://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacial-geology/glacial-landforms/glacial-erosional-landforms/cirques/
Snowdonia National Park, Wales

59. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS

60. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
Moraines: They are long ridges of deposits of glacial till. Such deposits
varying greatly in thickness and in surface topography are called ground
moraines
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/Iceland.Field.Trip/L
ectures/18.Glaciers.Ice.Ages/glaciers__ice_ages.htm

61. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
Eskers: very coarse materials like boulders and blocks along with some minor
fractions of rock debris carried into this stream settle in the valley of ice
beneath the glacier and after the ice melts can be found as a sinuous ridge
called esker
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/tbw/Iceland.Field.Trip/
Lectures/18.Glaciers.Ice.Ages/glaciers__ice_ages.htm

62. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
Outwash Plains: The plains at the foot of the glacial mountains or beyond the
limits of continental ice sheets are covered with glacio-fluvial deposits in the
form of broad flat alluvial fans which may join to form outwash plains of
gravel, silt, sand and clay.
https://landformsmi.weebly.com/outwash-plains.html
http://www.geo.mtu.edu/KeweenawGeoheritage/Glaciers/Outwash.html

63. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS
Drumlins: Drumlins are smooth oval shaped ridge-like features composed
mainly of glacial till with some masses of gravel and sand. The long axes of
drumlins are parallel to the direction of ice movement. Drumlins give an
indication of direction of glacier movement.

64. Frost weathering
Gelifraction
cryoturbation
Solifluction
PERIGLACIAL MODELING
Areas of high latitudes
High Altitude Areas
Lower altitude in continental zones
Temporal and spatial variation in ice occupation
Landforms
Valleys dissymmetry
Permafrost and polygonal soils
https://frontierscientists.com/2016/07/lines-polygons-permafrost-thaw-ecosystem-changes/

65. Agents
Circulating waters (Badlands and sedimentation glaciers)
Temperature (thermoclasty)
Wind deflection (REG, ERG)
Wind Corrosion
MODELING ARID REGIONS
Is it the same arid region as desert?
https://www.microsoft.com/es-es/p/in-the-desert/9ngxfqkqjkf2?activetab=pivot:overviewtab

66. https://www.haikudeck.com/cold-desert-science-and-
technology-presentation-jHb3jWSpCv

67. WIND EROSION
there are storm winds which are very destructive. Winds cause
deflation, abrasion and impact. Deflation includes lifting and
removal of dust and smaller particles from the surface of rocks.
In the transportation process sand and silt act as effective tools
to abrade the land surface.
The wind action creates a number of interesting erosional and
depositional features in the deserts.
Though rain is scarce in deserts, it comes down torrentially in a
short period of time.
https://www.agri
c.wa.gov.au/fire/
wind-erosion-
control-after-fire

68. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS Pediments and Pediplains
Gently inclined rocky floors close to the mountains at their foot
Once, pediments are formed with a steep wash slope followed by cliff or free
face above it,
This method of erosion is termed as parallel retreat of slopes through
backwasting. So, through parallel retreat of slopes, the pediments extend
backwards at the expense of mountain front, and gradually, the mountain gets
reduced leaving an inselberg which is a remnant of the mountain.

69. Plains
Plains are by far the most prominent landforms in the deserts
Such types of shallow lakes are called as playas where water is retained only
for short duration due to evaporation and quite often the playas contain good
deposition of salts. The playa plain covered up by salts is called alkali flats
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
https://worldbuilding.stacke
xchange.com/questions/803
59/can-deserts-and-
plainslands-be-
geographically-close
Nile flood plain

70. Deflation Hollows and Caves
Deflation also creates numerous small pits or cavities over rock
surfaces.
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
https://revision.co.zw/deflation-hollows/
https://earthscience.stackexchange
.com/questions/16988/is-there-a-
widely-accepted-reason-for-the-
formation-of-tafoni

71. Mushroom, Table and Pedestal Rocks
Sometimes, the top surface is broad like a table top and quite
often, the remnants stand out like pedestals
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
https://www.pmfias.com/arid-
landforms-erosional-
depositional-wind-eroded-
water-eroded-arid-landforms/
https://revisionworld.com/a2-
level-level-
revision/geography/arid-and-
semi-arid-environments-
0/features-produced-water-
deserts

72. REG
EROSIONAL LANDFORMS
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavimento_des%C3%A9rtico

73. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS ERG
https://www.minube.com/rincon/chegaga-a84266

74. DEPOSITIONAL
LANDFORMS
Sand
Dunes and
Barchans

75. In humid regions, which receive
heavy rainfall running water is
considered the most important of
the geomorphic agents in bringing
about the degradation of the land
surface
RUNNING WATER
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguazu_Falls
Iguazu Falls

76. https://www.keepcalmandposter
s.com/poster/5939287_keep_ca
lm_and_love_the_outdoors

77. https://nios.ac.in/online-course-material/sr-secondary-courses/Geography-(316).aspx
https://www.pmfias.com/
https://pixabay.com/
http://www.physicalgeography.net/
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