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OT table
1. Operation Theatre
Table
COMPILED AND PRESENTED BY:
DR. JUDITH JUSTIN M.TECH., PH.D.,
Prof. & Head,
Department of Biomedical Instrumentation Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Avinashilingam University
Coimbatore - 641 108
2. INTRODUCTION
Room where surgery is performed is
called an Operating Room (OR) or
Operation Theatre
OR is different from other rooms in the
hospital because
i) The environment is controlled
ii) Special electrical wiring is done
iii) It is clean
iv) Different emergency equipment
Inside the OR, the ambient temperature is
set to between 20-21◦ C
The humidity is regulated to 50%. These
are achieved by air conditioners.
Also incorporated into the inlet path of the
air to the OR are HEPA (High Efficiency
Particle Absorbers) filters which minimize
the dust entering into the OR
3. INTRODUCTION
The operation table on which the
patient is positioned for surgery is
fully adjustable for:
• Height,
• Degree of tilt in all directions,
• Orientation in the room,
• Articular breaks and lengths
This allows manipulation of the
patient in any position while
maintaining proper body allignment.
The surface is covered with a firm pad
that can be removed for cleaning
4. ACCESSORIES
Removable arm boards: allow extension of
the patients arms and hands for IV lines. This
surgical arm board is wider and provides a
broader surface on which to place the hand
Leg holder: provide access to the knee
when it must be held up away from the table
surface. A special table top cassette
attachment accepts X-ray cassettes when
the operative procedure requires radiographs
Back table: is a large table on which all
instruments are placed during surgery.
Before surgery, a sterile linen pack is opened
on to the table and sterile supplies are
placed. After donning gloves, the nurse
arranges these in an orderly fashion
Mayo stand: is a tray supported by 2 legs
that is placed adjacent and very near to the
operative site. Instruments that are used
frequently are placed here where it is
immediately accessible. This stand is
adjustable and may be placed over(above)
the table, but never in contact with the
patient.
5. ACCESSORIES
Gerhardth (overhead) table: is a combination of
Mayo stand and backtable. The overhead table
is positioned over, but not touching the patient.
The large surface of table provides access to
numerous instruments and supplies without the
use of a back table. The sizes and contours of
the table along with all the other accessories are
standardized to accommodate all patients
irrespective of their size. The table is also made
to withstand various weights.
The table is powered by electromechanical or
electro-pneumatic methods. The table can be
operated by a hand control placed on the side.
Hand control is a membrane type, feather touch
to adjust all electro-hydraulic movements. It is
shock free, operating on DC 12V with a flexible
cable.
Most of the tables give a foot switch control
enabling the surgeon to manipulate it to his
comfort. The table is made up of stainless steel
with smooth contours. It can be cleaned easily
with spray disinfectants and blood removing
agents. Since it is electrically operated, the
leakage current should be tested periodically.
6. SPECIAL FEATURES
Operation table is used for general surgery
and other certain procedures. It provides
smooth, easy and accurate positioning.
It is fully maneuverable by finger tip
operated feather touch keys on a remote
control hand switch.
Unique, sensor controlled leveling for Lateral
and Trendelenberg positions.
Movement is controlled by high pressure
electro-hydraulic system to achieve smooth
and efficient operation, without the slightest
jerk from start to the end.
The manifold has flow control valves for
adjusting the desired speed of the table
movement to high accuracy.
Hydraulic motor pump with long operating
life is fitted with anti-vibration mountings and
auto thermal cut-off.
7. SPECIAL FEATURES …CONTD.
Remote control hand unit operates on extra safe 12V DC.
Legible and easily identifiable symbols on switches provide
correct selection of table positions at any stage of operation.
Full length cassette tunnel to move X-ray cassette. Special quick
change clamp to hold cassette firmly at any position.
Radio translucent top.
Durable & hygienic base cover made of stainless steel.
8. MANUAL ADJUSTMENTS
Head section can be moved mechanically.
Detachable for fixing neuro hand rest
Table is mounted on castor wheels, its movement in the operation
theatre is smooth
Mechanical pedal brakes for firm and rigid locking of table.
When brake is released, the table is free to move on its castors
9. ATTACHMENTS …..CONTD.
Shoulder support
Lateral support, Universal
lateral support
General purpose head
support
Knee rest
Knee crutches
Raised arm board
Arm board
Kidney elevator
Anesthetic screen frame
Cassette holder, lateral
cassette hold
Cassette tray with
adjustable rod
Douche tray, Douche tray
with drain bucket
10. IMPORTANCE OF PROPER POSITIONING
Why do we need proper positioning?
To maintain patient’s airway and avoid constriction or pressure on
the chest cavity
To maintain circulation
To prevent nerve damage
To provide adequate exposure of the operative site
To provide comfort and safety to the patient
13. SUPINE
Most common with the least amount of harm
Placed on back with legs extended and uncrossed at the ankles
Arms either on arm boards abducted <90* with palms up or
tucked (not touching metal or constricted)
Spinal column should be in alignment with legs parallel to the OR bed
Head in line with the spine and the face is upward
Hips are parallel to the spine
Padding is placed under the head, arms, and heels with a pillow placed
under the knees
Safety belt placed 2” above the knees while not impeding circulation
14. PRONE
Anesthetized supine, usually on the stretcher, prior to turning
Turning is synchronized and supported
Face down, resting on the abdomen and chest
Chest rolls x2 placed lengthwise under the axilla and along the sides of the
chest from the clavicle to iliac crests
(to raise the weight of the body off of the abdomen and thorax)
One roll is placed at the iliac or pelvic level
Arms lie at the sides or over head on arm boards (must lower arms slowly to
the ground then bring them up in an arc to place on arm boards)
Head is face down and turned to one side with accessible airway
Forehead, eyes and chin are protected
Padding to bilateral arms and under Knees
Pillow placed under bilateral feet (for maintenance of foot extension)
Female breasts and male genitalia must be free from pressure and torsion
Safety strap placed 2” above knees
15. LATERAL
Anesthetized supine prior to turning
Shoulder & hips turned simultaneously to prevent
torsion of the spine & great vessels
Lower leg is flexed at the hip; upper leg is straight
Head must be in cervical alignment with the spine
Breasts and genitalia to be free from torsion and pressure
Axillary roll placed to the axillary area of the downside arm
(to protect brachial plexus)
Padding placed under lower leg, to ankle and foot of upper leg, and to
lower arm (palm up) and upper arm
Pillow placed lengthwise between legs and between arms (if lateral
arm holder is not used)
Stabilize patient with safety strap and silk tape, if needed
16. TRENDELENBURG
The patient is placed in the supine position while the OR bed
is modified to a head-down tilt of 35 to 45 degrees resulting in
the head being lower than the pelvis
Arms are in a comfortable position – either at the side or on
bilateral arm boards
The foot of the OR bed is lowered to a desired angle
Velcro adhesive MUST be checked prior to placing the
patient on the table padding
Surgical tape may be indicated to assure the table padding is
fixed to the table to prevent pad slippage
In addition to a safety strap, strips of 3” tape may be used
to assist with holding the patient in the proper position
Used for procedures in the lower abdomen or pelvis
Enables the abdominal viscera to be moved away from the
pelvic area for better exposure
17. REVERSE TRENDELENBURG
The entire OR bed is tilted so the head is higher than the feet
Used for head and neck procedures
Facilitates exposure, aids in breathing and decreases blood supply to
the area
A padded footboard is used to prevent the patient from sliding
toward the foot
18. FOWLER’S POSITION
Patient begins in the supine position
Foot of the OR bed is lowered slightly, flexing the knees, while
the body section is raised to 35 – 45 degrees, thereby becoming
a backrest
The entire OR bed is tilted slightly with the head end downward
(preventing the patient from sliding)
Feet rest against a padded footboard
Arms are crossed loosely over the abdomen and taped or placed
on a pillow on the patient’s lap
A pillow is placed under the knees.
For cranial procedures, the head is supported in a head rest
and/or with sterile tongs
This position can be used for shoulder or breast reconstruction
procedures
19. JACKKNIFE
Modification of the prone position
The patient is placed in the prone position on the OR bed
and then inverted in a V position
The hips are over the center break of the OR bed
between the body and leg sections
Chest rolls are placed to raise the chest
Arms are extended on angled arm boards with the elbows
flexed and the palms down
A pillow is placed under the ankles to free the feet and
toes of pressure
The OR bed leg section is lowered, and the OR bed is
flexed at a 90 degree angle so that the hips are elevated
above the rest of the body
Used in gluteal and anorectal procedures
20. LITHOTOMY
With the patient in the supine position, the legs are raised
and abducted to expose the perineal region
The patient’s buttocks are even with the lower break in
the OR bed (to prevent lumbosacral strain)
The arms are placed on padded arm boards, tucked at the
sides, or placed across the abdomen
The legs and feet are placed in stirrups that support the
lower extremities
Stirrups should be placed at an even height
The legs are raised, positioned, and lowered slowly and
simultaneously, with the permission of the anesthesia care
provider
Adequate padding and support for the legs/feet should
eliminate pressure on joints and nervus plexus
The position must be symmetrical
The perineum should be in line with the longitudinal axis of
the OR bed
The pelvis should be level
The head and trunk should be in a straight line
High Lithotomy
Low Lithotomy