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KASHMEERA N.A.
IV SEM MSc ZOOLOGY
ROLL No: 37




03/13/13
03/13/13
03/13/13
Mystery unveiled….




               Alessandro volta

03/13/13
BIOGAS
•




    Mixture of gases.
•




    Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic
    matter.
•




    Consist of CH4 ,CO2 ,traces of H2 & other gases.




03/13/13
Composition of Biogas




03/13/13
03/13/13
BENEFITS FROM BIOGAS PLANTS
•




    Used mainly for cooking & lighting purposes.

•




    Used in internal combustion engines to power
    water pumps & electric generators.




03/13/13
•




    Used as fuel in fuel type refridgerators.

•




    Sludge - fertilizer.

•




    ↓ envt. pollution




03/13/13
03/13/13
SUBSTRATE
•




    Plant & animal biomass.
•




    Plant biomass –
•




    Animal biomass – cattle dung,manure from
    poultry,goats & sheep slaughter house &
    fishery wastes.
•




    Agricultural wastes also used



03/13/13
03/13/13
Parts of biogas plant
•




    Digester
•




    Gas holder
•




    Inlet
•




    Outlet




03/13/13
Inlet chamber
•




    To supply cow dung to the digester

•




    It is made at the ground level so that the cow dung
    can be poured easily.

•




    made up of bricks, cement and sand.

•




    The outlet wall of the inlet chamber is made inclined
    so that the cow dung easily flows to the digester.


03/13/13
Digester
•




    Most important part of biogas plant

•




    Fermentation takes place - fermentation tank.

•




    Built underground – insulated,airtight

•




    Made up of bricks, sand and cement.

03/13/13
•




    Almost at the middle of the height of
    digester, two openings are provided on the
    opposite sides for inflow of fresh cow dung
    and outflow of used cow dung.




03/13/13
Gas holder
•




    Cylindrical container
•




    Above digester
•




    Collect gas
•




    The gas pipe carries the biogas to the place
    where it is consumed.




03/13/13
Outlet Chamber
•




    Digested slurry from which the biogas has
    been generated is removed from the biogas
    plant.

•




    The outlet chamber is also at the ground level.




03/13/13
03/13/13
Types

•




    GAS HOLDER
•




    Fixed dome type
•




    Floating drum type


                     FREQUENCY OF FILLING
                     SUBSTRATE

                     Batch type
                     Continuous type
03/13/13
Fixed dome type
•




    A fixed-dome plant consists of a digester with
    a fixed, non-movable gas holder, which sits on
    top of the digester.




03/13/13
Floating-drum type
•




    Consist of an underground digester and a
    moving gas-holder.

•




    Gas-holder floats either directly on the
    fermentation slurry or in a separate water
    jacket.

•




    The gas is collected in the gas drum, which
    rises or moves down, according to the amount
    of gas stored
03/13/13
Floating-drum type




03/13/13
•




    Batch type
•




    Filled once,sealed.
•




    Emptied when raw materials stop producing
    gas.


•




    Continuous type
•




    Fed with a definite quantity of wastes at
    regular intervals
•




    Gas production continuous & regular

03/13/13
03/13/13
MICROBIOLOGY OF BIOGAS
•4 steps
•Hydrolysis
•Acidogenesis
•Acetogenesis
•Methanogenesis




03/13/13
Hydrolysis
•




    Biomass is made up of large organic polymers

•




    Complex polymers hydrolysed to monomers

•




    complex organic molecules → simple sugars, amino
    acids, and fatty acids.

•




    Done by hydrolytic fermentative bacteria


03/13/13
Acidogenesis
•




    Results in further breakdown of the remaining
    components by acidogenic bacteria.

•




    Ammonia, H2, CO2, H2S, shorter volatile fatty acids,
    carbonic acids, alcohols, as well as trace amounts of
    other byproducts produced




03/13/13
Acetogenesis
•




    Simple molecules created through the
    acidogenesis phase further digested to acetic
    acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.
•




    Acetogenic bacteria




03/13/13
Methanogenesis
•




    The terminal stage

•




    Intermediate products of the preceding stages
    converted to methane, carbon dioxide, and
    water.

•




    These components make up the majority of
    the biogas emitted from the system.

•




    Methanogenic bacteria
03/13/13
MICRO ORGANISMS
•




    Hydrolytic & fermentative bacteria.
•




    Acidogenic bacteria.
•




    Acetogenic bacteria.
•




    Methanogenic bacteria.




03/13/13
03/13/13
Methanogenic bacteria.
•




    Create methane from the final products of
    acetogenesis as well as from some of the
    intermediate products from hydrolysis and
    acidogenesis .

•




    Archaebacteria



03/13/13
MAJOR GENERA OF METHANOGENIC BACTERIA




03/13/13
•




    Cocci




•




    Spirilli



•




    Bacilli


               Cocci forming colonies
               in cubical packets of
•




    sarcina    eight or more are called
               sarcina
03/13/13
•




    Methanogens are a diverse group of organisms that
    can live in a wide range of environments.

•




    They have been found in a range of salinity from
    freshwater to hypersaline.

03/13/13
•




    Biogas plant – Methanosarcina barkeri,
    Methanobacterium omelianskii




03/13/13
03/13/13
Factors affecting methane formation.
•




     pH
•




     Temperature
•




     Nitrogen concentration
•




     C:N ratio
•




     Creation of anaerobic conditions




03/13/13
pH

•




    6-8
•




    Acidic medium lowers methane formation.

                 •




                   Temperature
•




    Fluctuation ↓ methane formation – inhibit
    growth of methanogens.
•




    30-40oC

03/13/13
Nitrogen concentration

•




    ↑ N2 - ↓ growth of bacteria - ↓ CH4

                       C:N ratio
•




    Micro organisms in a biogas plant needs both N
    nitrogen and C carbon.
•




    Research has shown that the methanogenic bacteria
    work best with a C/N ratio 30:1.


03/13/13
Creation of anaerobic conditions
•




    CH4 production takeplace in strictly anaerobic
    condition.

•




    Digesters – airtight, burried under soil.




03/13/13
03/13/13

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Biogas

  • 1. KASHMEERA N.A. IV SEM MSc ZOOLOGY ROLL No: 37 03/13/13
  • 4. Mystery unveiled…. Alessandro volta 03/13/13
  • 5. BIOGAS • Mixture of gases. • Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic matter. • Consist of CH4 ,CO2 ,traces of H2 & other gases. 03/13/13
  • 8. BENEFITS FROM BIOGAS PLANTS • Used mainly for cooking & lighting purposes. • Used in internal combustion engines to power water pumps & electric generators. 03/13/13
  • 9. Used as fuel in fuel type refridgerators. • Sludge - fertilizer. • ↓ envt. pollution 03/13/13
  • 11. SUBSTRATE • Plant & animal biomass. • Plant biomass – • Animal biomass – cattle dung,manure from poultry,goats & sheep slaughter house & fishery wastes. • Agricultural wastes also used 03/13/13
  • 13. Parts of biogas plant • Digester • Gas holder • Inlet • Outlet 03/13/13
  • 14. Inlet chamber • To supply cow dung to the digester • It is made at the ground level so that the cow dung can be poured easily. • made up of bricks, cement and sand. • The outlet wall of the inlet chamber is made inclined so that the cow dung easily flows to the digester. 03/13/13
  • 15. Digester • Most important part of biogas plant • Fermentation takes place - fermentation tank. • Built underground – insulated,airtight • Made up of bricks, sand and cement. 03/13/13
  • 16. Almost at the middle of the height of digester, two openings are provided on the opposite sides for inflow of fresh cow dung and outflow of used cow dung. 03/13/13
  • 17. Gas holder • Cylindrical container • Above digester • Collect gas • The gas pipe carries the biogas to the place where it is consumed. 03/13/13
  • 18. Outlet Chamber • Digested slurry from which the biogas has been generated is removed from the biogas plant. • The outlet chamber is also at the ground level. 03/13/13
  • 20. Types • GAS HOLDER • Fixed dome type • Floating drum type FREQUENCY OF FILLING SUBSTRATE Batch type Continuous type 03/13/13
  • 21. Fixed dome type • A fixed-dome plant consists of a digester with a fixed, non-movable gas holder, which sits on top of the digester. 03/13/13
  • 22. Floating-drum type • Consist of an underground digester and a moving gas-holder. • Gas-holder floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a separate water jacket. • The gas is collected in the gas drum, which rises or moves down, according to the amount of gas stored 03/13/13
  • 24. Batch type • Filled once,sealed. • Emptied when raw materials stop producing gas. • Continuous type • Fed with a definite quantity of wastes at regular intervals • Gas production continuous & regular 03/13/13
  • 26. MICROBIOLOGY OF BIOGAS •4 steps •Hydrolysis •Acidogenesis •Acetogenesis •Methanogenesis 03/13/13
  • 27. Hydrolysis • Biomass is made up of large organic polymers • Complex polymers hydrolysed to monomers • complex organic molecules → simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. • Done by hydrolytic fermentative bacteria 03/13/13
  • 28. Acidogenesis • Results in further breakdown of the remaining components by acidogenic bacteria. • Ammonia, H2, CO2, H2S, shorter volatile fatty acids, carbonic acids, alcohols, as well as trace amounts of other byproducts produced 03/13/13
  • 29. Acetogenesis • Simple molecules created through the acidogenesis phase further digested to acetic acid, carbon dioxide and hydrogen. • Acetogenic bacteria 03/13/13
  • 30. Methanogenesis • The terminal stage • Intermediate products of the preceding stages converted to methane, carbon dioxide, and water. • These components make up the majority of the biogas emitted from the system. • Methanogenic bacteria 03/13/13
  • 31. MICRO ORGANISMS • Hydrolytic & fermentative bacteria. • Acidogenic bacteria. • Acetogenic bacteria. • Methanogenic bacteria. 03/13/13
  • 33. Methanogenic bacteria. • Create methane from the final products of acetogenesis as well as from some of the intermediate products from hydrolysis and acidogenesis . • Archaebacteria 03/13/13
  • 34. MAJOR GENERA OF METHANOGENIC BACTERIA 03/13/13
  • 35. Cocci • Spirilli • Bacilli Cocci forming colonies in cubical packets of • sarcina eight or more are called sarcina 03/13/13
  • 36. Methanogens are a diverse group of organisms that can live in a wide range of environments. • They have been found in a range of salinity from freshwater to hypersaline. 03/13/13
  • 37. Biogas plant – Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobacterium omelianskii 03/13/13
  • 39. Factors affecting methane formation. • pH • Temperature • Nitrogen concentration • C:N ratio • Creation of anaerobic conditions 03/13/13
  • 40. pH • 6-8 • Acidic medium lowers methane formation. • Temperature • Fluctuation ↓ methane formation – inhibit growth of methanogens. • 30-40oC 03/13/13
  • 41. Nitrogen concentration • ↑ N2 - ↓ growth of bacteria - ↓ CH4 C:N ratio • Micro organisms in a biogas plant needs both N nitrogen and C carbon. • Research has shown that the methanogenic bacteria work best with a C/N ratio 30:1. 03/13/13
  • 42. Creation of anaerobic conditions • CH4 production takeplace in strictly anaerobic condition. • Digesters – airtight, burried under soil. 03/13/13