Wording Speech

Wording the
Speech

Understanding Language

Variations in Language

Using Language Effectively

Deploying Style Effectively

Understanding the Bias in Language

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Wording the Speech > Understanding Language

Understanding Language
• The Importance of Language
• Ways of Thinking about Language

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The Importance of Language
• Every word must be carefully selected for inclusion in your speech. At the same
time, consider the words that don't make the cut: what are you NOT saying in
your speech?
• How you communicate those words, from phrasing to voice, gesture and
mannerism, is equally important as what you have to say.
• Consider what you want your audience to do, think, or feel at the conclusion of
your speech. Use this as a way to guide the wording and delivery of your speech
to reach that end goal.
Why does language matter in your speech?
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Ways of Thinking about Language
• Make sure that every word in your speech has a purpose for being in your
speech. Don't waste any words and commit to writing multiple drafts to refine and
hone your speech.
• Always think about your audience and venue: who are they and why are they
there? Considering these factors will help inform what language is best to use in
your speech.
• What are the overall goals, objectives or purpose you have for speaking? Think
about this so that you can work backwards to select the right language to achieve
those goals, objectives or purpose.

Ways of Thinking About Language in Your
Speech

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Wording the Speech > Variations in Language

Variations in Language
• Variations in Directness
• Variations in Abstraction
• Variations in Objectivity

• Variations in Orality
• Variations in Accuracy



Variations in Directness
• Force and directness are both cause and effect. They are not solely the use of
loudness, strong words, or emphatic gestures, but may cause them.
• Use directness and force when you have particularly emphatic points to make.

• Be authentic and genuine. Use ideas, your feelings on your subject, wording, and
delivery to convey force, directness, and conviction.
• Avoid being pushy, overbearing, or intimidating.

Directness

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Variations in Abstraction
• Abstract descriptions are vague and not specific.
• Abstraction is a good technique to use if your audience already has a working
knowledge of any part of your speech. You can save time and keep your

audience engaged by not boring them with material or levels of understanding
they already have.
• If you are too abstract, you may confuse your audience.
• To test if your speech is too abstract or over-described, have another person read
your speech draft and summarize your main points back to you.
Ladder of Abstraction

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Variations in Objectivity
• Objectivity is the ability to remove your personal experience, bias or preference
from your speech.
• Objectivity gives you credibility as an impartial, unbiased speaker and subject

matter expert.
• That said, delivering a speech with 100% objectivity can feel robotic. Sprinkle
some subjective moments such as personal anecdotes or how you connect to
your topic to still remain relatable to your audience.


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Variations in Orality
• Oral societies use narrative and repetition for ease of memory.
• Oral societies use directness and force to express emphasis.
• Oral expression brings words together in pithy phrases that are the product of

generations of evolution.

An Oral Community in Cambodia

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Variations in Accuracy
• Use scholarly sources such as journal articles, reviews, biographies, and
interviews to ensure accuracy and credibility.
• You can find scholarly sources collected in several online databases.

• Always cite your sources when and how you can so that you're never accused of
lifting, stealing, or borrowing someone else's words or work.

The Importance of Accuracy

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Wording the Speech > Using Language Effectively

Using Language Effectively
• Choosing Clear Words and Phrasing
• Choosing Vivid Words
• Choosing Appropriate Words

• Matching Personal Style



Choosing Clear Words and Phrasing
• How well do you know your topic? Make sure you fully understand everything that
goes into your topic as you begin to craft the specific wording of your speech.
• Start by delimiting the question, that is, fully parsing out exactly what question

you're answering by giving your speech. Even if you don't think there is a specific
question, your speech topic exists for some purpose. What purpose does your
speech fulfill?
• From there, define your key terms of your speech.

Choosing Clear Words

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Choosing Vivid Words
• Descriptive language in your speech builds interest and allows you to immerse
your audience in a sensory experience.
• Use simile and metaphor as a way to add descriptive language and wording into

your speech. Make your points more compelling by painting pictures with words in
the minds of your audience members.
• Tell your audience exactly how you want them to digest the information in your
speech by using a variety of process words.

William Shakespeare

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Choosing Appropriate Words
• Section your speech into parts arranged in a logical order, with each section
having a specific focus or purpose.
• Transition between sections with phrases and words that connect your ideas.

• Avoid weasel phrases in order to keep your speech credible and authoritative.

Valedictorian's Speech

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Matching Personal Style
• Your voice is ultimately a reflection of who you are as a person and influences
how your audience both perceives and receives you as speaker. Adapt your voice
to your audience's needs, goals, and expectations.
• Consider your role in relation to the audience. Why are you there to speak to
them? What makes you the subject matter expert?
• Don't forget to think about the formality and venue of your speech, as well as any
relevant cultural contexts that may come into play.
• Your attitude speaks volumes to your audience. Make sure your attitude is
appropriate to all the factors of your speech: topic, audience, and venue. Be

Personal Style in Your Speech

aware that subconscious non-verbal cues can betray how you really feel.


• Don't be afraid to get creative and let your speech reflect your unique personality.

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Wording the Speech > Deploying Style Effectively

Deploying Style Effectively
• Alliteration
• Antithesis
• Hyperbole

• Onomatopoeia
• Personification
• Repetition and Parallelism
• Simile and Metaphor



Alliteration
• Phrases like "busy as a bee," "drop dead gorgeous," "friends and family" are all
examples of alliteration.
• Alliteration adds a textural complexity to your speech that makes your words more

engaging.
• Take a creative writing or poetic mindset to approach adding alliteration to your
speech.


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Antithesis
• Contrast helps fully illustrate a concept by giving your audience a 360 degree
understanding of your idea, claim, or argument.
• Giving your audience a contrast of the thesis with an opposite point of view aims

them in the direction of understanding the concept; you can then use your speech
to more fully flesh out that idea.
• If you're having a hard time figuring out how to use antithesis in your speech,
consider the opposing viewpoint of your main argument. From there, consider all
the points of contrast that could be made from your main antithetical point.
Antithesis

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Hyperbole
• When hearing a hyperbole, ask yourself: is this claim really true?
• While you want to avoid generalizations in your speech as much as possible,
there are advantages to using hyperbole since it can be used as an effective

persuasive device.
• Don't rely on hyperbole alone to substantiate your claims; instead, use it as a
strategic stylistic choice to enliven your words and infuse them with persuasive
meaning.

Hyberbole

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Onomatopoeia
• Words like "meow," "boom," "bleep" and "boing" each represent the sound they
make. These are each examples of onomatopoeia.
• Onomatopoeia, because of its jarring nature, often acts as a great way to

emphasize something.
• Consider using onomatopoeia strategically and sparingly to make a bold or
memorable statement.


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Personification
• Personification adds a colorful way to describe complex ideas to your audience.
• When using prosopopoeia, your audience will project their reaction on that which
you're trying to be and not on you as the speaker.

• Speaking as another person or idea is helpful to deflect negative response to the
words you're saying, but because you're saying them as someone else, the
audience is less likely to blame you for your words.

Personification

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Repetition and Parallelism
• Repetition should be used sparingly and strategically. Pick your most influential
statement and weave its repetition throughout your speech.
• Use parallelism to use similar constructs to approach the same sentence. Add

balance and break up repetition by adding parallelism to further emphasize your
ideas.
• You may decide to use repetition and parallelism to drive home the most
important takeaway messages from your speech.


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Simile and Metaphor
• Similes and metaphors are composed of two parts: a tenor and a vehicle. A tenor
is the subject that is being compared or described; the vehicle is the comparison
used to describe the subject.
• Both similes and metaphors use tenors and vehicles, the only difference being
that similes connect the two with the words "like" or "as" while a metaphor simply
states a tenor is a vehicle.
• Similes and metaphors are wonderful ways to bring your creativity and style to
your speech.
Simile and Metaphor

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Wording the Speech > Understanding the Bias in Language

Understanding the Bias in Language
• Gender Bias
• Culture Bias



Gender Bias
• Gender is the social construction and definition of what it means to be man,
woman, masculine or feminine.
• Gender expression and expectations of how gender should be expressed vary by

culture.
• Men and women have different expectations and perceptions of each other and
thus will receive speakers of opposing genders differently. Additionally, gender
bias still exists - for both speaker and audience - when speakers who may share
the same gender as their audience.
Gender Bias in Public Speaking

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Culture Bias
• Cultural bias exists when you try to navigate the experiences of others through
the framework of your personal compass of cultural experience.
• Both you and your audience bring cultural bias to your speech: how you perceive

and communicate with them and how they perceive and receive your words.
• Cultural bias can impact mannerism, speech, and gesture as well as the rhetorical
compenents of your speech.
• Try to avoid cultural bias if you can and if you can't, at least acknowledge it. Read
your speech from a distanced perspective while considering the cultural context
both you and your audience bring to the speech and how it will be received. This

We all have cultural biases.

will only make your argument more robust.


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Appendix

Wording the Speech

Key terms
• abstract Difficult to understand; abstruse. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• accuracy Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.

(CC BY-SA

3.0)

• alliteration The repetition of consonants at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short
intervals. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• antithesis A device by which two contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in parallel form. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• baseline A datum used as the basis for calculation or for comparison. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• bias An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• bias An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, predilection. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• delimit To mark or fix the limits of. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• direct Straight, constant, without interruption. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• dissect To analyze an idea in detail by separating it into its parts. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• gender The sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the categories of "male" and "female," with each having
associated clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• hyperbole Extreme exaggeration or overstatement; especially as a literary or rhetorical device.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)


Wording the Speech

• inflection A change in pitch or tone of voice. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide
range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious,
social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural
communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures act, communicate, and
perceive the world around them. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• language A form of communication using words either spoken or gestured with the hands and structured with grammar, often
with a writing system. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• meaning The objects or concept that a word or phrase denotes, or that which a sentence says.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• metaphor The use of a word or phrase to refer to something that it isn’t, invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase
used and the thing described, but without the words like or as, which would imply a simile. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• metaphor The use of a word or phrase to refer to something that it isn’t, invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase
used and the thing described, but without the words like or as, which would imply a simile. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• monotony Tedium as a result of repetition or a lack of variety.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• objective not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• objectivity The state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• onomatopoeia A word that sounds like what it represents, such as "gurgle" or "hiss". (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• orality The quality of being spoken or verbally communicated (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• pandering The act of expressing one's views in accordance with the likes of a group to which one is attempting to appeal. The
term is most notably associated with politics. In pandering, the views one is verbally expressing are merely for the purpose of
drawing support and votes and do not necessarily reflect one's personal values. (CC BY-SA 3.0)


Wording the Speech

• parallelism the juxtaposition of two or more identical or equivalent syntactic constructions, especially those expressing the same
sentiment with slight modifications, introduced for rhetorical effect. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• personification A figure of speech, prosopopeia, in which an inanimate object or an abstraction is given human qualities.

(CC BY-SA

3.0)

• primary orality Primary orality’ refers to thought and its verbal expression within cultures “totally untouched by any knowledge of
writing or print.” (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• prosopopoeia A prosopopoeia (Greek: προσωποποιία) is a rhetorical device in which a speaker or writer communicates to the
audience by speaking as another person or object. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• repetition the act or an instance of repeating or being repeated. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• simile A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using like or as.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• simile A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using like or as.

(CC BY-SA 3.0)

• subjective formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more
from within the observer than from observations of the external environment. (CC BY-SA 3.0)
• venue A place, especially the one where a given event is to happen. (CC BY-SA 3.0)

• weasel phrases Phrases that often precede statements and that lack substantive quality. (CC BY-SA 3.0)


Wording the Speech

Why does language matter in your speech?

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Wording the Speech

Ways of Thinking About Language in Your Speech

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Wording the Speech

Directness

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Wording the Speech

Ladder of Abstraction

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Objectivity in Public Speaking

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Wording the Speech

An Oral Community in Cambodia

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Wording the Speech

The Importance of Accuracy

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Wording the Speech

Choosing Clear Words

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Wording the Speech

William Shakespeare

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Wording the Speech

Valedictorian's Speech

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Personal Style in Your Speech

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Wording the Speech

What's your personal style?

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Wording the Speech

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Wording the Speech

Antithesis

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Wording the Speech

Hyberbole

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Wording the Speech

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Personification

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Simile and Metaphor

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Gender Bias in Public Speaking

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We all have cultural biases.

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Wording the Speech

A form of communication using words either spoken or gestured
with the hands and structured with grammar, often with a writing
system.
A) language

B) weasel phrases

C) objective

D) venue


Wording the Speech

A form of communication using words either spoken or gestured
with the hands and structured with grammar, often with a writing
system.
A) language

B) weasel phrases

C) objective

D) venue

Wiktionary. "language." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/language

Wording the Speech

The objects or concept that a word or phrase denotes, or that
which a sentence says.
A) gender

B) meaning

C) objective

D) venue


Wording the Speech

The objects or concept that a word or phrase denotes, or that
which a sentence says.
A) gender

B) meaning

C) objective

D) venue

Wiktionary. "meaning." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meaning

Wording the Speech

The words you choose to say in your speech is the most
important element of your speech preparation. This statement is
A) false. As long as you get your point across, the words aren't very
important.
B) false. It is important not only to consider the words you say, but how
you say them.

C) true. With a carefully worded speech, you have the highest likelihood
of reaching your audience.
D) true. The only way to assure that your audience agrees with your
argument is to use clear language


Wording the Speech

The words you choose to say in your speech is the most
important element of your speech preparation. This statement is
A) false. As long as you get your point across, the words aren't very
important.
B) false. It is important not only to consider the words you say, but how
you say them.

C) true. With a carefully worded speech, you have the highest likelihood
of reaching your audience.
D) true. The only way to assure that your audience agrees with your
argument is to use clear language

Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Wording the Speech

A change in pitch or tone of voice.

A) metaphor

B) inflection

C) objective

D) venue


Wording the Speech

A change in pitch or tone of voice.

A) metaphor

B) inflection

C) objective

D) venue

Wiktionary. "inflection." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inflection

Wording the Speech

Which of the following is a factor to consider when crafting your
speech?
A) Be concise in your word choice and make sure every word has a
purpose.

B) Consider the context of your speech: audience and venue.

C) Think about your overall goals and the purpose of your speech.

D) All of these answers.


Wording the Speech

Which of the following is a factor to consider when crafting your
speech?
A) Be concise in your word choice and make sure every word has a
purpose.

B) Consider the context of your speech: audience and venue.

C) Think about your overall goals and the purpose of your speech.



Wording the Speech

A place, especially the one where a given event is to happen.

A) venue

B) inflection

C) language

D) meaning


Wording the Speech

A place, especially the one where a given event is to happen.

A) venue

B) inflection

C) language

D) meaning

Wiktionary. "venue." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/venue

Wording the Speech

not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts
or evidence.
A) inflection

B) language

C) objective

D) meaning


Wording the Speech

not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts
or evidence.
A) inflection

B) language

C) objective

D) meaning

Wiktionary. "objective." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objective

Wording the Speech

Straight, constant, without interruption.

A) direct

B) abstract

C) subjective

D) orality


Wording the Speech

Straight, constant, without interruption.

A) direct

B) abstract

C) subjective

D) orality

Wiktionary. "direct." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/direct

Wording the Speech

Force and directness should be used in your speech when
A) When you feel that your speech needs more gestures to emphasize
your point.
B) you have an emphatic point to make and you feel strong, genuine
emotion.

C) When you want to intimidate your audience into agreeing with your
argument.
D) When you have been speaking quietly and it seems like you should
raise your voice to make a point.


Wording the Speech

Difficult to understand; abstruse.

A) direct

B) abstract

C) objectivity

D) orality


Wording the Speech


A) direct

B) abstract

C) objectivity

D) orality

Wiktionary. "abstract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract

Wording the Speech

Which of the following is an example of a good use of abstraction
in a speech?
A) If your audience has a working knowledge of your topic, use
abstraction to save time.
B) If you want to make sure that your audience fully understands complex
concepts in your speech.

C) If you are speaking about a specific occurrence or want to refer to
concrete examples.



Wording the Speech


A) extemporaneous

B) abstract

C) demographic

D) stereotype


Wording the Speech


A) extemporaneous

B) abstract

C) demographic

D) stereotype

Wiktionary. "abstract." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abstract

Wording the Speech

Objectivity is

A) the ability to remove your personal bias from your speech.

B) a good way to gain credibility as an impartial speaker.

C) a reason a speech may appear robotic if it is not balanced with
moments of subjectivity.



Wording the Speech

The state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by
emotions or personal prejudices
A) abstract

B) objectivity

C) direct

D) orality


Wording the Speech

The state of being objective, just, unbiased and not influenced by
emotions or personal prejudices
A) abstract

B) objectivity

C) direct

D) orality

Wiktionary. "objectivity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/objectivity

Wording the Speech

formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or
intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from
within the observer than from observations of the external
environment.
A) abstract

B) direct

C) orality

D) subjective


Wording the Speech

formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or
intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from
within the observer than from observations of the external
environment.
A) abstract

B) direct

C) orality

D) subjective

Wiktionary. "subjective." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective

Wording the Speech

Which of the following is a quality of a literate society?

A) Pithy phrases such as "the sturdy oak tree" are frequently used.

B) Formulaic styling is used to package complex ideas memorably for
easy retention and recall.

C) There is incentive to ensure that changes cleave to traditional
formulas.

D) They use complex grammar to communicate ideas.


Wording the Speech

Orality can be best described as

A) the ability of most members of a society to speak fluently.

B) All of these answers.

C) A society made up of progressives subdivided into groups based on
similar interests and skills.
D) thought and verbal expression in societies where the technologies of
literacy are unfamiliar.


Wording the Speech

Orality can be best described as

A) the ability of most members of a society to speak fluently.


C) A society made up of progressives subdivided into groups based on
similar interests and skills.
D) thought and verbal expression in societies where the technologies of
literacy are unfamiliar.


Wording the Speech

_______’ refers to thought and its verbal expression within
cultures “totally untouched by any knowledge of writing or print.”
A) objectivity

B) direct

C) subjective

D) primary orality


Wording the Speech

_______’ refers to thought and its verbal expression within
cultures “totally untouched by any knowledge of writing or print.”
A) objectivity

B) direct

C) subjective

D) primary orality

Wikipedia. "primary orality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/primary+orality

Wording the Speech

The quality of being spoken or verbally communicated

A) abstract

B) direct

C) orality

D) objectivity


Wording the Speech

The quality of being spoken or verbally communicated

A) abstract

B) direct

C) orality

D) objectivity

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/orality

Wording the Speech

Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of
conformity of a measure to a true or standard value.
A) abstract

B) direct

C) accuracy

D) objectivity


Wording the Speech

A) abstract

B) direct

C) accuracy

D) objectivity

Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy

Wording the Speech

Which of the following is a good primary source?

A) An interview you conduct

B) An article in an academic journal

C) A review

D) A biography


Wording the Speech

A) statistics

B) Mean

C) accuracy

D) Median


Wording the Speech

A) statistics

B) Mean

C) accuracy

D) Median

Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy

Wording the Speech

In order for your speech to be easy for your audience to follow, it
is important to fully understand what you are speaking about.
Which of the following is a good way to assure that you
understand your topic?
A) Understand the question your speech will be answering.


C) Make sure you understand the meaning of all the terms you plan to
use.

D) Decide what purpose your speech will fulfill.


Wording the Speech

To analyze an idea in detail by separating it into its parts.

A) pandering

B) weasel phrases

C) monotony

D) dissect


Wording the Speech

To analyze an idea in detail by separating it into its parts.

A) pandering

B) weasel phrases

C) monotony

D) dissect

Wiktionary. "dissect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dissect

Wording the Speech

To mark or fix the limits of.

A) simile

B) metaphor

C) delimit

D) weasel phrases


Wording the Speech

To mark or fix the limits of.

A) simile

B) metaphor

C) delimit

D) weasel phrases

Wiktionary. "delimit." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delimit

Wording the Speech

A datum used as the basis for calculation or for comparison.

A) baseline

B) simile

C) weasel phrases

D) monotony


Wording the Speech

A datum used as the basis for calculation or for comparison.

A) baseline

B) simile

C) weasel phrases

D) monotony

Wiktionary. "baseline." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baseline

Wording the Speech

Tedium as a result of repetition or a lack of variety.

A) monotony

B) delimit

C) weasel phrases

D) pandering


Wording the Speech

Tedium as a result of repetition or a lack of variety.

A) monotony

B) delimit

C) weasel phrases

D) pandering

Wiktionary. "monotony." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monotony

Wording the Speech

The use of a word or phrase to refer to something that it isn’t,
invoking a direct similarity between the word or phrase used and
the thing described, but without the words like or as, which would
imply a simile.
A) delimit

B) metaphor

C) weasel phrases

D) pandering


Wording the Speech

imply a simile.
A) delimit

B) metaphor

C) weasel phrases

D) pandering

Wiktionary. "metaphor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metaphor

Wording the Speech

A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in
the case of English generally using like or as.
A) delimit

B) weasel phrases

C) simile

D) pandering


Wording the Speech

A) delimit

B) weasel phrases

C) simile

D) pandering

Wiktionary. "simile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simile

Wording the Speech

A) hyperbole

B) prosopopoeia

C) parallelism

D) simile


Wording the Speech

imply a simile.
A) hyperbole

B) prosopopoeia

C) parallelism

D) metaphor


Wording the Speech

"You are the bread and the knife" is an example of

A) metaphor.

B) simile.

C) process words.

D) monotony.


Wording the Speech

When is it appropriate to write descriptively when composing a
speech?
A) When you want your speech to sound pretty.

B) When you want to conjure an image in your audience's mind in order
to get your point across.

C) All of these answers.

D) When you want to be repetitive in order to emphasize your point.


Wording the Speech

Which of the following is a good example of a phrase that signifies
that you are introducing illustrations?
A) considered by many

B) to name an example

C) it is widely believed

D) many people say


Wording the Speech

Phrases that often precede statements and that lack substantive
quality.
A) delimit

B) weasel phrases

C) simile

D) pandering


Wording the Speech

Phrases that often precede statements and that lack substantive
quality.
A) delimit

B) weasel phrases

C) simile

D) pandering

Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/weasel-phrases

Wording the Speech

Which of the following is a useful element to consider when
developing your voice?
A) All of these answers.

B) Who will be present at your speech?

C) What is the occasion, venue, and formality of your speech?

D) What makes you the subject matter expert?


Wording the Speech

Which of the following is a useful element to consider when
developing your voice?

B) Who will be present at your speech?

C) What is the occasion, venue, and formality of your speech?

D) What makes you the subject matter expert?


Wording the Speech

The act of expressing one's views in accordance with the likes of
a group to which one is attempting to appeal. The term is most
notably associated with politics. In _______, the views one is
verbally expressing are merely for the purpose of drawing support
and votes and do not necessarily reflect one's personal values.
A) delimit

B) pandering

C) metaphor

D) weasel phrases


Wording the Speech

The act of expressing one's views in accordance with the likes of
a group to which one is attempting to appeal. The term is most
notably associated with politics. In _______, the views one is
verbally expressing are merely for the purpose of drawing support
and votes and do not necessarily reflect one's personal values.
A) delimit

B) pandering

C) metaphor

D) weasel phrases

Wikipedia. "pandering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pandering

Wording the Speech

The repetition of consonants at the beginning of two or more
words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals.
A) simile

B) alliteration

C) personification

D) parallelism


Wording the Speech

The repetition of consonants at the beginning of two or more
words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals.
A) simile

B) alliteration

C) personification

D) parallelism

Wiktionary. "alliteration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alliteration

Wording the Speech

What is the main purpose of alliteration in public speaking?
A) Alliteration adds textural complexity to a speech to make words sound
more engaging to listeners.

B) Alliteration boosts the efficacy of a speech's argument for listeners.

C) Alliteration adds relevant context to a speech for listeners.

D) Alliteration helps listeners better understand key terms used in a
speech.


Wording the Speech

Which of the following examples best illustrates antithesis?

A) Dinner is the antithesis of supper

B) Wealth is the antithesis of prosperity

C) Cold is the antithesis of heat

D) Religion is the antithesis of spirituality


Wording the Speech

A device by which two contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in parallel
form.
A) antithesis

B) metaphor

C) alliteration

D) prosopopoeia


Wording the Speech

A device by which two contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in parallel
form.
A) antithesis

B) metaphor

C) alliteration

D) prosopopoeia

Wiktionary. "antithesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antithesis

Wording the Speech

Which of the following describes the best use of hyperbole in a
speech?
A) Hyperbole should be used to make the speech more memorable to the
audience.
B) Hyperbole should be used as much as possible throughout the
speech.

C) Hyperbole should be used to communicate a point more vividly to the
audience.

D) Hyperbole should be used to contrast ideas using direct opposites.


Wording the Speech

Extreme exaggeration or overstatement; especially as a literary or
rhetorical device.
A) simile

B) metaphor

C) alliteration

D) hyperbole


Wording the Speech

Extreme exaggeration or overstatement; especially as a literary or
rhetorical device.
A) simile

B) metaphor

C) alliteration

D) hyperbole

Wiktionary. "hyperbole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperbole

Wording the Speech

Why should onomatopoeia be used sparingly in speeches?

A) Onomatopoeia uses unfamiliar phrases and quotes.

B) Onomatopoeia can be jarring to the audience.

C) Onomatopoeia can distract the audience from the speaker's key
message.

D) Onomatopoeia can make the speech less relatable to the audience.


Wording the Speech

A word that sounds like what it represents, such as "gurgle" or
"hiss".
A) metaphor

B) antithesis

C) prosopopoeia

D) onomatopoeia


Wording the Speech

A word that sounds like what it represents, such as "gurgle" or
"hiss".
A) metaphor

B) antithesis

C) prosopopoeia

D) onomatopoeia

Wiktionary. "onomatopoeia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/onomatopoeia

Wording the Speech

Which of the following can be used to approach personification in
a speech?

B) To speak as another person to make a point

C) To personify an inanimate object

D) To personify an abstract thought


Wording the Speech

A _______ (Greek: προσωποποιία) is a rhetorical device in which
a speaker or writer communicates to the audience by speaking as
another person or object.
A) onomatopoeia

B) hyperbole

C) antithesis

D) prosopopoeia


Wording the Speech

A _______ (Greek: προσωποποιία) is a rhetorical device in which
a speaker or writer communicates to the audience by speaking as
another person or object.
A) onomatopoeia

B) hyperbole

C) antithesis

D) prosopopoeia

Wikipedia. "prosopopoeia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prosopopoeia

Wording the Speech

A figure of speech, prosopopeia, in which an inanimate object or
an abstraction is given human qualities.
A) metaphor

B) personification

C) hyperbole

D) parallelism


Wording the Speech

A figure of speech, prosopopeia, in which an inanimate object or
an abstraction is given human qualities.
A) metaphor

B) personification

C) hyperbole

D) parallelism

Wiktionary. "personification." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/personification

Wording the Speech

the juxtaposition of two or more identical or equivalent syntactic
constructions, especially those expressing the same sentiment
with slight modifications, introduced for rhetorical effect.
A) parallelism

B) simile

C) metaphor

D) hyperbole


Wording the Speech

the juxtaposition of two or more identical or equivalent syntactic
constructions, especially those expressing the same sentiment
with slight modifications, introduced for rhetorical effect.
A) parallelism

B) simile

C) metaphor

D) hyperbole

Wiktionary. "parallelism." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parallelism

Wording the Speech

the act or an instance of repeating or being repeated.

A) simile

B) repetition

C) onomatopoeia

D) antithesis


Wording the Speech

the act or an instance of repeating or being repeated.

A) simile

B) repetition

C) onomatopoeia

D) antithesis

Wiktionary. "repetition." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repetition

Wording the Speech

Which of the following is an example of repetition in speech?
A) "Whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall
fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the
streets."
B) "Today's students can put dope in their veins or hope in their brains."

C) "They must know it is not their aptitude but their attitude that
will determine their altitude."
D) "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall
pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend,
oppose any foe."


Wording the Speech

A) hyperbole

B) prosopopoeia

C) simile

D) parallelism


Wording the Speech

imply a simile.
A) hyperbole

B) prosopopoeia

C) metaphor

D) parallelism


Wording the Speech

Groucho Marx once said, "A hospital bed is a parked taxi with the
meter running." Which of the following is the vehicle of this
metaphor?
A) Taxi

B) Hospital

C) Bed

D) Meter


Wording the Speech

imply a simile.
A) metaphor

B) delimit

C) weasel phrases

D) pandering


Wording the Speech

The sociocultural phenomenon of dividing people into the
categories of "male" and "female," with each having associated
clothing, roles, stereotypes, etc.
A) Intercultural Communication

B) gender

C) bias

D) language


Wording the Speech


B) gender

C) bias

D) language

Wiktionary. "gender." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gender

Wording the Speech

Given that gender is learned by, defined and taught to us through
language and communication, which of the following is likely to be
true?
A) When a woman speaks in front of a group of men, she is instantly
received differently than her male counterpart.
B) When a woman speaks in front of a group of men, she is instantly
received the same as her male counterpart.

C) In certain cultural contexts, men are generally more attentive toward
female speakers.
D) In certain cultural contexts, women are generally more dismissive
toward male speakers.


Wording the Speech

An inclination towards something; predisposition, partiality,
prejudice, preference, predilection.
A) bias

B) Intercultural Communication

C) personification

D) language


Wording the Speech

A) bias

B) Intercultural Communication

C) personification

D) language

Wiktionary. "bias." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bias

Wording the Speech

A) gender

B) bias

C) direct

D) parallelism


Wording the Speech

A) non-verbal communication

B) sender

C) channel

D) bias


Wording the Speech


B) sender

C) channel

D) bias


Wording the Speech

A) gender

B) Generation

C) ethnicity

D) Ethnocentrism


Wording the Speech

A) gender

B) sender

C) message

D) noise


Wording the Speech


B) bias

C) personification

D) language


Wording the Speech


B) bias

C) sender

D) channel


Wording the Speech

_______ is a form of global communication. It is used to describe
the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear
within an organization made up of individuals from different
religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. _______ is
sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural
communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people
from different countries and cultures act, communicate, and
perceive the world around them.

B) gender

C) bias

D) hyperbole


Wording the Speech

_______ is a form of global communication. It is used to describe
the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear
within an organization made up of individuals from different
religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. _______ is
sometimes used synonymously with cross-cultural
communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people
from different countries and cultures act, communicate, and
perceive the world around them.

B) gender

C) bias

D) hyperbole

Wikipedia. "Intercultural Communication." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercultural+Communication

Wording the Speech

Which of the following best describes the impact of cultural bias
on the delivery of a speech?
A) It influences the speaker's affinity towards one culture or cultural
experience over another.
B) It impacts the strength and comprehensiveness of the speaker's
argument.

C) It impacts how audiences receive the speaker in both trustworthiness
and reliability as an expert.

D) It impacts the speaker's mannerisms and speaking patterns.


Wording the Speech

Attribution
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Advanced Topics." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Advanced_Topics
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in Business." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Writing_in_Business
• Wikipedia. "Nonverbal communication." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonverbal_communication
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Humanities." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Writing_in_the_Humanities
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Sciences." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Writing_in_the_Sciences
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical Framework." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical_Framework
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Author
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical Framework." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Rhetorical_Framework
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_IX
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_XX
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Description." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Teacher%2527s_Handbook/Description
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Description." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Description
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Researching." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Researching
Free to
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author." CCshare, print, 3.0 copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
BY-SA make

Wording the Speech

• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Presentations." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Presentations#Planning_the_Verbal_and_Visual_Parts_of_Yo
ur_Presentation
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_III
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_XV
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_III
• Project Gutenberg. CC BY-SA http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_III

• Project Gutenberg. CC BY-SA http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_III
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Humanities." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Writing_in_the_Humanities
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Writing in the Sciences." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Writing_in_the_Sciences
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Referencing." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Referencing
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Researching." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Researching
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Defining key terms." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Defining_key_terms
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Delimiting the question." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Delimiting_the_question

• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm#CHAPTER_II
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Process words." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Process_words

• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Teacher's Handbook/Description." CC BY-SA 3.0

Wording the Speech

• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Introduction." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Introduction
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Main part." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Main_part
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Main part." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Main_part
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Delimiting the question." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Delimiting_the_question
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/The structure." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/The_structure
• Wikibooks. "Writing Better University Essays/Discussion." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Writing_Better_University_Essays/Discussion
• Wikibooks. "Professional and Technical Writing/Rhetoric/Author." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Professional_and_Technical_Writing/Rhetoric/Author
• Wikipedia. "Aliteration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliteration
• Project Gutenberg. Public domain http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16317/16317-h/16317-h.htm
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Glossary." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Glossary
• Wikipedia. "Antithesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis
• Wikipedia. "Hyperbole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbole
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Rhetorical Analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis
• Wikipedia. "Onomatopoeia." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia

• Wikipedia. "Personification." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification

Wording the Speech


• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Rhetorical Analysis." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Rhetorical_Analysis
• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Exposition." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Exposition#Start_Writing
• Wikipedia. "Simile." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simile
• Wikibooks. "History of Literature/Poetry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Literature/Poetry

• Wikibooks. "Rhetoric and Composition/Description." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Rhetoric_and_Composition/Description#Why_Write_a_Descriptive_Essay.3F
• Wikipedia. "Metaphor." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor
• Wikibooks. "Investigating Critical & Contemporary Issues in Education/Gender Bias." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Investigating_Critical_%2526_Contemporary_Issues_in_Education/Gender_Bias
• Wikibooks. "Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 13 - Gender Communication." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_13_-_Gender_Communication
• Wikibooks. "Survey of Communication Study/Chapter 12 - Intercultural Communication." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study/Chapter_12_-_Intercultural_Communication

• Wikipedia. "Cultural bias." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_bias

Wording Speech

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