This PPT For engineering Student(GTU)

1. Energy
“Everything is Energy”

2. Created BY
Kalp Patel
Priya Patel
Parthvi Patel
Raj Dave
Yash Patel

3. 1. Sources of Energy
 The sources and forms of energy can be classified as Non-Renewable Energy
and Renewable Energy.
 Non-Renewable energy is obtained from conventional fossil fuels(coal, oil, gas
etc.).These have been in use for several decades.
 Non-Renewable Energy sources are also called exhaustible source of energy.
 Renewable energy is freely available in nature. They can be continuously
used.
 Renewable energy sources are also called non-conventional energy sources
because the mankind has started the use recently.
 Renewable resources include solar power, wind power, geothermal energy,
tidal energy, hydrogen energy, ocean thermal energy etc.

4. The various sources of energy can be
listed as follows:
 1. Fossil Fuels
 2. Nuclear Fuels (Nuclear Energy)
 3. Stored or flowing water (Hydroelectric Energy)
 4. Sun (Solar Energy)
 5. Wind (Wind Energy)
 6. Rise and fall of tides (Tidal Energy)
 7. Geothermal Energy
 8. Biomass and bio-fuels

5. Energy from fossil fuel
 Fuel is defined as “a substance composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen
which produces a large amount of heat while burning with oxygen.”
 The main combustible elements of each fuel are carbon, hydrogen,
compounds of hydrocarbons and small amount of other substances, such as
Sulphur, oxygen, nitrogen etc.
 The combustion of fuel is one of the most important sources of energy
utilized for driving prime movers.
 When the fuel is burnt in presence of air, it produces heat and flue gases.
 This heat is utilized for heating purpose or for produce mechanical energy
with help of prime movers like steam turbine, gas turbine, internal
combustion engine etc.

6. Classification of fuel
1. According to nature of their existence
Solid Natural: Wood, Peat, Lignite coal, Bituminous coal, Anthracite coal.
Artificial: Coke, Char coal, Pulverized coal, Briquettes coal.
Liquid Natural: Petroleum.
Artificial: Gasoline, Diesel, Light Diesel oil, Kerosene, Shale oil.
Gaseous Natural: Natural gas, Liquefied Natural Gas
Artificial: Petroleum gas, Producer gas, Coal gas, LPG, CNG.
2. According to nature of their origin
Natural fuels: They occur in nature. They are also known as primary fuels.
Artificial fuels: They are prepared by further processing of primary fuel.

7. Advantages of liquid fuels(liquid fuels compared to solid fuel)
 It is easy to store and requires less space for storage.
 Higher calorific value.
 Easy to control the combustion.
 Easy handling and transportation.
 Cleanliness.
 No ash problem.
 Ease to ignition and stopping off the operation.
 Changes in load in a power plant can be met easily.
Disadvantages
 Cost of fuel is higher than other fuels.
 Greater risk of fire.
 Special container required for storage and transport.

8. Advantages of Gases fuels
 Excess air required is very less for complete combustion.
 Good fuel economy and more efficiency of furnace operation.
 Combustion control is better.
 No problem of storage if the supply is available rom public supply line.
 Easy to distribute with the help of pipe lines.
 Gases fuels produces higher temperatures and economical to produce same
amount of heat.
Disadvantages
 They are very highly inflammable.
 Gas is more difficult to transport by pipe line compared to liquid fuel.
 Liquefied gases require high pressure/ low temperature insulated expensive
tanks.

9. LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
 LPG is colourless petroleum gas.
 It is natural derivative of both natural gas and crude oil.
 The main component gases of LPG are propane and butane .
 The liquefaction is necessary to provide a reduction n volume and produce
acceptable energy densities.
 The calorific value of LPG is about 45360 kJ/kg.
 The use of LPG is widespread. LPG is a fuel used for cooking.
 LPG is a fuel which can run engines of cars, buses and lorries.
 The main difference between LPG and petrol or diesel for cars and vans, is
cost of fuel.
 As a rough data, the cost of LPG is 50% less compared to petrol, because the
government has reduced the duty on LPG.

10. CNG
 CNG is made by compressing methane which is extracted from natural gas and
is stored at high pressure(about 200 bar).
 The main component gas of CNG is methane .
 In addition to methane, it also contains small percentage of ethane, butane,
and pentane.
 The calorific value of CNG is about 40700-41200 kJ/m³.
 Due to higher octane number, CNG is an excellent fuel for petrol engine.
 CNG is burnt at higher temperature resulting in reduced engine knock.
 The big disadvantage of CNG is, storage tank in vehicle has to robust and heavy
because of the high pressure requirement.
 The major problems with CNG are that it is expensive because of the cost of converting
cars to CNG
 CNG price is has been relatively steady.

11. Fossil Fuel utilization
 Coal + Air → Heat →Water → Steam → Steam Turbine
→ Mechanical Energy.
 Gaseous fuel + Air → Combustion product → Gas Turbine
→ Mechanical Energy.
 Oil (petrol/diesel) + Air → Combustion product → I C
Engine → Mechanical Energy.
 CNG/LPG + Air → Combustion product → I C Engine
→ Mechanical Energy.

12. Nuclear fuel and utilization
 Nuclear energy or atomic energy is recent development.
 Nuclear energy is the world’s largest source of emission free energy.
 Heat energy produced by the fission or fusion of atoms may be used to
produce shaft power by heat engine.
 The fission process is used in all nuclear power plant, because fusion can not
be controlled.
 The tremendous amount of heat energy is liberated by fission of nuclear
disintegration of nuclear fuel.
 It is estimated that 1 kg of nuclear fuel is equivalent to about 25x10⁵ kg of
coal.
 In the heat exchanger the gas is heated or steam is generated which is
utilized to drive gas or steam turbines coupled to alternators thereby
generating electrical energy.
 The future of nuclear is very bright as the reserves fossil fuel is fast depleting
and hydro power has also a fixed limit up to which can be exploited.

14. Cool Factes
 Finding the fuel. One square mile of earth, one foot deep, typically contains
over a ton of uranium. A ton of uranium can produce more than 40 million
kilowatt-hours of electricity, which is equal to burning 16,000 tons of coal or
80,000 barrels of oil.
 Powering Europe. France gets more than 75 percent of its electricity from
nuclear power. Belgium, Sweden, Lithuania, and Ukraine also get large
portions of their electricity from nuclear power.
 Where you live. The United States has 104 nuclear reactors, which produce
about one-fifth of the electricity generated in the United States. Does any of
your electricity come from nuclear power? Check out the map to see where
nuclear power plants are located.
 There are currently 61 commercially operating nuclear power plants with 99
nuclear reactors in 30 states in the United States. Thirty-five of these plants
have two or more reactors. In INDIA there are only 7 Nuclear Power Plants.
 There are 437 Nuclear Power Plants In WORLD.

15. Water Energy
 If you've ever stood in a fast–moving stream, under a waterfall, or on the
ocean shore as waves come crashing in, then you've felt the power of the
water. The energy from moving water can be used to create electricity in
several different ways. For example:
 A hydroelectric dam captures energy from the movement of a river. Dam
operators control the flow of water and the amount of electricity produced.
Dams create reservoirs (large bodies of calm water) behind them, which can
be used for recreation, wildlife sanctuaries, and sources of drinking water.
 Wave power captures energy from waves on the surface of the ocean using a
special buoy or other floating device.
 Tidal power captures the energy of flowing waters with the help of turbines
as tides rush in and out of coastal areas.

16. How It Works
 Flowing water turns a water wheel or turbine.
 A generator attached to the turbine produces electricity.
 A natural wonder! Did you know that one of the world's great natural
wonders has been generating electricity for more than 100 years? Today,
Niagara Falls is the biggest electricity producer in New York State, generating
enough electricity to light 24 million 100–watt bulbs at once!
 Leading the way. Hydropower is the leading renewable energy source used to
generate electricity in the United States.
 Wave of the future. The first commercial U.S. power station using ocean
waves to generate electricity is in the works in Oregon. When finished, 10
“power buoys” in the ocean will generate enough electricity to power 1,000
homes.

18. Solar Energy
Why is daytime brighter and warmer than nighttime? The answer is
simple: solar energy. Solar energy is simply the light and heat that
come from the sun.
People can harness the sun's energy in a few different ways:
 Photovoltaic cells, which convert sunlight into electricity.
 Solar thermal technology, where heat from the sun is used to
make hot water or steam.
 Passive solar heating, which can be as simple as letting the sun
shine through windows to heat the inside of a building.
1. Sunlight hits the surface of the
photovoltaic cell.
2. A material called a semi-
conductor converts the light into
electricity.
3. Watch a video to learn more
about how photovoltaic cells
work

19. Cool facts
 Solar–powered school buses. A town in Wisconsin is using solar
panels to charge hybrid electric school buses.
 Google maps for solar panels. If you live in San Francisco
or Boston , you can see the solar panels in your neighborhood on a
map.
 How cool is this? In 2010, China unveiled the first solar-powered
air conditioner. If mass–produced, these devices could help reduce
energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in China and other
countries.
 Solar joins the major leagues. Taiwan's National Stadium is being
touted as the world's largest sports stadium. It's nicknamed the
“flying dragon” after its silver–blue canopy, which coils like a tail and
contains nearly 9,000 solar panels. When it's not in use, the stadium
powers homes and businesses.

20. Wind Energy and Wind Power
 Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of
the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and
rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain,
bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when
"harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.
How Wind Power Is Generated
 The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the
wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines
convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This
mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or
pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.

21.  The main advantage of wind energy is that it is plentiful, inexhaustible, non-
polluting and it does not require any operator.
 It also does not require any maintenance and repairs for long intervals.
 However, this source of energy is unreliable since the production of electrical
energy depends largely upon the velocity of the wind.
 Wind resources in INDIA are tremendous and generation of electrical energy
will prove economical at a number of places.
 There are mainly located in sea coasts.
 Today, the number of wind turbine generators in operation in INDIA is more
then 7500with total installed capacity of about 2300 MW.
 The Major wind energy system sites are lamba. Okha, Deogarth, Tuticorin,
Kayothar, and Coastal area of Bhavnager.

22. Sl.
No.
State Capacity Addition
During
FY 2014-15
Cumulative Installed
Capacity
As on 31.03.2015
1 Andhra
Pradesh
285.2 1031.4
2 Gujarat 190.7 3645.4
3 Karnataka 320.1 2638.4
4 Kerala 0.0 35.1
5 Madhya
Pradesh
456.3 879.7
6 Maharashtra 350.5 4450.8
7 Rajasthan 523.5 3307.2
8 Tamil Nadu 185.5 7455.2
9 Others 0.0 4.3
TOTAL (MW) 2311.8 23447.5
INSTALLED CAPACITY OF WIND POWER PROJECTS IN INDIA
Source : MNRE

23. Power plant Producer Location State Mwe
Muppandal windfarm Muppandal Wind Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 1500
Jaisalmer Wind Park Suzlon Energy Jaisalmer Rajasthan 1064
Brahmanvel windfarm Parakh Agro Industries Dhule Maharashtra 528
Dhalgaon windfarm Gadre Marine Exports Sangli Maharashtra 278
Vankusawade Wind Park Suzlon Energy Ltd. Satara District. Maharashtra 259
Vaspet ReNew Power Vaspet Maharashtra 144
Damanjodi Wind Power
Plant
Suzlon Energy Ltd. Damanjodi Odisha 99
Jath ReNew Power Jath Maharashtra 84
Welturi ReNew Power Welturi Maharashtra 50
Cape Comorin
Aban Loyd Chiles
Offshore Ltd.
Kanyakumari Tamil Nadu 33
Kayathar Subhash Subhash Ltd. Kayathar Tamil Nadu 30
Jasdan ReNew Power Jasdan Gujarat 25.2
Ramakkalmedu Subhash Ltd. Ramakkalmedu Kerala 25
Gudimangalam
Gudimangalam Wind
Farm
Gudimangalam Tamil Nadu 21
Wind Power Plants & Capacity

24. Puthlur RCI Wescare (India) Ltd. Puthlur Andhra Pradesh 20
Chennai Mohan
Mohan Breweries &
Distilleries
Chennai Tamil Nadu 15
Jamgudrani MP MP Windfarms Ltd. Dewas Madhya Pradesh 14
Jogmatti BSES BSES Ltd. Chitradurga District Karnataka 14
Perungudi Newam
Newam Power Company
Ltd.
Perungudi Tamil Nadu 12
Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Wind Farm Kethanur Tamil Nadu 11
Hyderabad TSRTC Telangana SRTC Hyderabad Telangana 10
Muppandal Madras Madras Cements Ltd. Muppandal Tamil Nadu 10
Shah Gajendragarh MMTCL Gadag Karnataka 15
Shah Gajendragarh Sanjay D. Ghodawat Gadag Karnataka 10.8
Acciona Tuppadahalli
Tuppadahalli Energy
India Pvt Ltd
Chitradurga District Karnataka 56.1
Poolavadi Chettinad
Chettinad Cement
Corp. Ltd.
Poolavadi Tamil Nadu 10
Shalivahana Wind
Shalivahana Green
Energy. Ltd.
Tirupur Tamil Nadu 20.4
Dangiri Wind Farm Oil India Ltd. Jaiselmer Rajasthan 54

25.  A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological
processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel
produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of
fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.
Biofuels can be derived directly from plants, or indirectly from agricultural,
commercial, domestic, and/or industrial wastes.
 This biomass can be converted to convenient energy containing substances in
three different ways: thermal conversion, chemical conversion, and
biochemical conversion. This biomass conversion can result in fuel in solid,
liquid, or gas form. This new biomass can also be used directly for biofuels.
 The agricultural products specifically grown for bio-fuel production includes:
1. Corns and soybeans in U.S.
2. Rapeseed, wheat, sugar beet in Europe.
3. Sugar cane in Brazil.
4. Palm oil in South East Asia.
5. Jatropha in India
Bio Fuel

26. Advantages of using bio-fuel in vehicles:
1. Reduced pollution.
2. Reduces the use of fossil fuel(petroleum).
3. Increases opportunities for rural peoples.
4. Increases national energy security.
Limitations of bio-fuels:
1. Bio-fuel production process is very slow. It must be redesigned and replaced
rapidly.
2. To reduce the price of bio-fuel, bio-fuel production is to motivated by
government.

27. Hydrogen(H₂) Gas
 Once manufactured, hydrogen is an energy carrier.
 The energy can be delivered to fuel cells and generate electricity and heat, or
burned to run a combustion engine.
 Historically, carbon has been the most practical carrier of energy, as more energy
is packed in fossil fuels than pure liquid hydrogen of the same volume.
 The carbon atoms have classic storage capabilities and releases even more energy
when burned with hydrogen.
 However, burning carbon base fuel and releasing its exhaust contributes to global
warming due to the greenhouse effect of carbon gases.
 Pure hydrogen is the smallest element and some of it will inevitably escape from
any known container or pipe in micro amounts, yet simple ventilation could
prevent such leakage from ever reaching the volatile 4% hydrogen-air mixture. So
long as the product is in a gaseous or liquid state, pipes are a classic and very
efficient form of transportation.
 Pure hydrogen, though, causes metal to become brittle, suggesting metal pipes
may not be ideal for hydrogen transport.
 The major problem of using H₂ as fuel is due to its high explosive nature during
combustion.

28. Global Warming
 Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of earth’s atmosphere
and oceans since the late 19th century and its projects continuation.
 Since the early 20th century, earth’s mean surface temperature has increased
by about 0.8 ºC, which is grater than that of the increasing since 1980.
Cause of global warming:
1. Population Increase
2. Mining activities
3. Burning of Fossil Fuels
4. Sunspots
5. Water Vapor
6. Plankton boom due to warming
seas
7. Rise in sea levels
8. Aerosols present in the Atmosphere
9. Methane and Nitrous oxide emissions
from agriculture, Arctic sea beds and
factories.
10.Deforestation
11.Ozone Depletion
12.Increase in CO₂ concentration

29. Ozone Depletion
 Ozone depletion describes two distinct but related phenomena observed
since the late 1970s: a steady decline of about 4% in the total volume
of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer), and a much larger
springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.
 The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. In addition to these
well-known stratospheric phenomena, there are also springtime
polar tropospheric ozone depletion events.
 Cl + O3 → ClO + O2: The chlorine atom changes an ozone molecule to
ordinary oxygen
 ClO + O3 → Cl· + 2 O2: The ClO from the previous reaction destroys a second
ozone molecule and recreates the original chlorine atom, which can repeat
the first reaction and continue to destroy ozone.
 On average, a single chlorine atom is able to react with 100,000 ozone
molecules before it is removed from the catalytic cycle. This fact plus the
amount of chlorine released into the atmosphere yearly by
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
demonstrates how dangerous CFCs and HCFCs are to the environment.

30. NASA projections of stratospheric ozone concentrations if
chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned.
The full extent of the damage that CFCs have caused to the ozone layer is not
known and will not be known for decades; however, marked decreases in column
ozone have already been observed. The Montreal and Vienna conventions were
installed long before a scientific consensus was established or important
uncertainties in the science field were being resolved. The ozone case was
understood comparably well by lay persons as e.g. Ozone shield or ozone hole were
useful "easy-to-understand bridging metaphors". Americans voluntarily switched
away from aerosol sprays, resulting in a 50% sales loss even before legislation was
enforced.

31. Energy Conservation Act 2001
 Empower the central government to specify energy consumption standards.
 Prohibit the manufacture and sale of appliance that do not conform to energy
consumption standards.
 Identify energy intensive industries and commercial establishment as
designated consumers.
 Prescribe energy consumption norms and standards for these consumers.
 Prescribe energy conservation building codes for efficient use of energy, and
energy conservation in new commercial building with a contract load of
500kW and above.
 Direct consumer to prepare and implement schemes for efficient use of
energy.

32. Electricity Act 2003
 Generation has been licensed and captive generation freely permitted.
 No person shall transmit electricity or undertakes trading in electricity unless
he is authorized to do so by a license issued, exceptions informed by
authorized commission through notification.
 Open access in transmission with provision for surcharge for taking care of
current level of cross subsidy.
 Setting up state electricity regulatory commission made mandatory.
 Metering of electricity supplied made mandatory.
 For rural and remote areas stand alone system for generation and distribution
permitted.
 Central government to prepare national electricity policy and tariff policy.
 Central electricity authority to prepare National electricity plan.