The document discusses different types of lamps used for lighting, including incandescent, fluorescent, sodium, mercury vapor, and LED lamps. It provides details on their operation such as the materials used in each, efficiency in lumens per watt, typical lifetime, and whether they produce mainly incandescent or discharge light. Pros and cons are listed for incandescent and fluorescent lamps.

1. TYPES OF LAMPS
Types of Lamps

2. Light sources
• Incandescent lamp
• Discharge lamp
– Florescent lamp
– Sodium lamp
– High pressure mercury vapour lamp

3. INCANDESCENT LAMP
• HOT WIRE – FILAMENT
SEALED IN A GLASS JAR
(BULB)
• ELECTRIC CURRENT PASS
THROUGH THE WIRE HEATS
IT TO INCADESCENCE, AND
THE WIRE EMITS LIGHT. USE
STANDARD VOLTAGE CIRCUIT.

4. Incandescent lamp
An , incandescent lamp or incandescent light
globe is an electric light which produces light with
a filament wire heated to a high temperature by an
electric current passing through it, until it glows (see
Incandescence). The hot filament is protected from
oxidation with a glass or quartz bulb that is filled
with inert gas or evacuated. In a halogen lamp,
filament evaporation is prevented by a chemical
process that redeposit metal vapour onto the
filament, extending its life. The light bulb is supplied
with electrical current by feed-through terminals or
wires embedded in the glass. Most bulbs are used in
a socket which provides mechanical support and
electrical connections .

5. • Inside gas is argon with
nitrogen.
• At the center of the lamp is a
tungsten filament.
• Electricity heats this filament
up to about 2,500 degrees
Celsius.
• Light output is 15
lumens/watt
• Operating life 1000 hour
• Efficency increased by using
– Coiled filament
– Coiled coil filament

6. Parts
1. GLASS BULB
2. VACUUM OR GAS
FILLED
3. WIRE/FILAMENT
4. 5. LEAD-IN WIRES
6. SUPPORT WIRES
7. NECK
8. 11. ELECTRIC FUSE
9. BASE

7. Pros and Cons
ADVANTAGES:
1. LESS EXPENSIVE
2. EASIER TO DIM WITH
RHEOSTATS
3. WARMER COLOR THAN
FLUORESCENT AND
THUNGSTEN-
HALOGEN LAMPS
4. LIGHT OUTPUT IS
RELATIVELY HIGH
5. CAN BE DIMMED
DISADVANTAGES:
1. ENERGY INEFFICIENT
2. SHORT LAMP LIFE TIME
3. WARM SOURCE

8. Discharge lamps
• Light is produced by
passage of an electric
current through a vapor
or gas, rather than
through a tungsten wire
as in incandescent
lamp.

9. FLUORESCENT LAMP

10. FLUORESCENT LAMP
• Inside bulb is coated with florescent powder
• Oxide coated tungsten filament is used as
electrodes
• Light output is 70 lumen/watt
• Average life is 7500 hours

11. A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact
fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact
fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to
replace an incandescent lamp; some types fit into light
fixtures formerly used for incandescent lamps. The
lamps use a tube which is curved or folded to fit into
the space of an incandescent bulb, and a
compact electronic ballast in the base of the lamp.
Compared to general-service incandescent lamps giving
the same amount of visible light, CFLs use one-fifth to
one-third the electric power, and last eight to fifteen
times longer. A CFL has a higher purchase price than an
incandescent lamp, but can save over five times its
purchase price in electricity costs over the lamp's
lifetime

12. • ADVANTAGES:
•Heat is relatively low
•Energy efficient
•Range from low grade to
high grade
•Long lamp life
•Usually Cool source
• DISADVANTAGE:
•Color temperature
•Require ballast: preheat,
instant-start, rapid-start
•Requires controlling
elements for glare control

13. Sodium Lamp
• gas-discharge lamp that uses sodium in an
excited state to produce light
• Efficency is 75 lumens/watt
• Average life 60000 hours

14. • A sodium-vapour lamp is a gas-discharge
lamp that uses sodium in an excited state to
produce light. There are two varieties of such
lamps: low pressure and high pressure. Low-
pressure sodium lamps are the most efficient
electrical light sources, but their yellow light
restricts applications to outdoor lighting such as
street lamps. High-pressure sodium lamps have a
broader spectrum of light than the low pressure,
but still poorer colour rendering than other types
of lamps. Low pressure sodium lamps only
give monochromatic yellow light and so inhibit
colour vision at night.

15. A neon lamp (also neon glow lamp) is a miniature gas discharge lamp that typically
contains neon gas at a low pressure in a glass capsule. Only a thin region adjacent to
the electrodes glows in these lamps, which distinguishes them from the much longer
and brighter neon tubes used for signage. The term "neon lamp" is generally extended
to lamps with similar design that operate with different gases. Neon glow lamps were
very common in the displays of electronic instruments through the 1970s; the basic
design of neon lamps is now incorporated in contemporary plasma displays. Neon was
discovered in 1898 by William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers. The characteristic, brilliant
red colour that is emitted by gaseous neon when excited electrically was noted
immediately; Travers later wrote, "the blaze of crimson light from the tube told its own
story and was a sight to dwell upon and never forget."
Neon's scarcity precluded its prompt application for electrical lighting along the lines
of Moore tubes, which used electric discharges in nitrogen. Moore tubes were
commercialized by their inventor, Daniel McFarlane Moore, in the early 1900s. After
1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquid, was producing industrial quantities of neon
as a by product of his air liquefaction business, and in December.
Neon lamp

16. Mercury lamps
A mercury vapour lamp is a gas discharge lamp that
uses an electric arc through vaporized mercury to
produce light. The arc discharge is generally
confined to a small fused quartz arc
tube mounted within a larger borosilicate
glass bulb. The outer bulb may be clear or coated
with a phosphor; in either case, the outer bulb
provides thermal insulation, protection from
the ultraviolet radiation the light produces, and a
convenient mounting for the fused quartz arc
tube.

17. Led lamp
• An LED lamp is a light-emitting diode (LED)
product that is assembled into
a lamp (or light bulb) for use in lighting
fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan
and electrical efficiency that is several times
better than incandescent lamps, and
significantly better than most fluorescent
lamps, with some chips able to emit more
than 100 lumens per watt.
• Like incandescent lamps and unlike most
fluorescent lamps (e.g. tubes and CFL), LED
lights come to full brightness without need
for a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent
lighting is also reduced by frequent
switching on and off. Initial cost of LED is
usually higher.

18. Halogen Lamp
• A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten
halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine lamp, is an
incandescent lamp that has a small amount of
a halogen such as iodine or bromine added. The
combination of the halogen gas and
the tungsten filament produces a halogen
cycle chemical reaction which redeposit evaporated
tungsten back onto the filament, increasing its life and
maintaining the clarity of the envelope. Because of
this, a halogen lamp can be operated at a higher
temperature than a standard gas-filled lamp of similar
power and operating life, producing light of a
higher luminous efficacy and colour temperature .

19. Cont..
• Discharge will not start at low
voltage
• Leak transformer produce
starting voltage of about 400V
• First neon gas will discharge
after sodium vaporises and
discharge continues
• Pf is too low(0.3) to correct
capacitor is used

20. High pressure mercury vapour lamp
• Inner gas used is Argon
and mercury
• Efficiency 40 lumen/watt
• Inner tube have two main
electrodes and an
auxiliary electrode

21. Artificial Light Sources
• Incandescent Lamps
• Fluorescent Lamps
• High – Intensity Discharge Lamps
• Mercury Lamps
• Metal Halide Lamps
• High Pressure Sodium Lamps
• Low Pressure Sodium Lamps
• Electrodeless Lamps
• Compact arc xenon &Mercury
Lamps
• Electroluminescent Lamps
• Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
• Carbon arc Lamps
• Gaslights

22. Lamp efficiency & efficacy
• Efficacy for a light source is how well it turns
input power into the desired output, which is
lumens
• Efficiency is the actual percentage of power in
which comes out as photons.