Describes the general process of EIA in India with cases study of Mumbai Coastal Road Project.

1. Environmental Impact Assessment
Kantharajan G
AEM-PA6-01
ICAR - CIFE
[with reference to aquaculture projects, coastal
industries & other developmental activities]

2. EIA – an Introduction
Management tool to minimize adverse impacts of developmental
projects on the environment and to achieve sustainable
development through timely, adequate, corrective and protective
mitigation measures
Exercise to be carried out before any project is
undertaken & any major activity or plan is executed
AIM
• Ensuring optimal use of natural resources for sustainable
development
• Improve decision on development by increasing the quality &
Scope of information

3. EIA - timeline
 EIA or EIS – term origin in USA after passing the National
Environmental Policy Act in 1970
 In India, 1978-79 initially for river valley project
 Now mandatory for 29 categories of developmental activities
involving investments of Rs. 50 crores & above.
 EPA, 1986 – Landmark legislation for EIA
 MoEF&CC, GoI vide its notification of 27th January 1994 - list
of developmental activities which will need EIA clearance
 EIA notification on 10th April, making public hearing mandatory
http://www.moef.nic.in/division/introduction-8
 Amendments in the EIA Notification, 2006 dated 01.07.2016
related to environmental clearance for minor minerals &
environment clearance for leases in cluster

4. IAA, New Delhi
 For implementation of EIA notification
 6 regional offices - Shillong, Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh,
Bangalore, Lucknow & Bhopal.
A view of online portal
http://environmentclearance.nic.in/

5. Purposes of EIA
 To inform a consenting or licensing decision
 To identify mitigation measures which will minimize any
possible environmental impacts
‘’Decisions are actually shaped not taken’’

6. Environmental Appraisal
Committees
Expert Committees have been
constituted for the following sectors:
1. Mining Projects
2. Industrial Projects
3. Thermal Power Projects
4. River Valley, Multipurpose,
Irrigation & H.E. Projects
5. Infrastructure Development
& Miscellaneous Projects
6. Nuclear Power Projects
http://www.moef.nic.in/division/introduction-8

7. LIST OF PROJECTS REQUIRING ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE
FROM THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
1. Nuclear Power & related projects such as Heavy Water Plants, nuclear fuel complex, Rare
Earths.
2. River Valley projects including hydel power, major Irrigation & their combination including
flood control.
3. Ports, Harbours, Airports (except minor ports and harbours)
4. Petroleum Refineries including crude and product pipelines.
5. Chemical Fertilizers (Nitrogenous and Phosphatic other than single superphosphate).
6. Pesticides (Technical).
7. Petrochemical complexes
8. Bulk drugs and pharmaceuticals.
9. Exploration for oil and gas and their production, transportation and storage.
10. Synthetic Rubber.
11. Asbestos and Asbestos products.
12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives.
13. (a)Primary metallurgical industries (such as production of Iron and Steel, Aluminium,
Copper, Zinc, Lead and Ferro Alloys). (b)Electric arc furnaces (Mini Steel Plants).
14. Chlor alkali industry.
15. Integrated paint complex including manufacture of resins and basic raw materials
required in the manufacture of paints.

8. 16. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn
17. Storage batteries integrated with manufacture of oxides of lead and lead antimony
alloys.
18. All tourism projects between 200m�500 metres of High Water Line and at locations
with an elevation of more than 1000 metres with investment of more than Rs.5 crores.
19. Thermal Power Plants.
20. Mining projects *(major minerals)* with leases more than 5 hectares.
21. Highway Projects
22. Tarred Roads in the Himalayas and or Forest areas.
23. Distilleries.
24. Raw Skins and Hides
25. Pulp, paper and newsprint.
26. Dyes.
27. Cement.
28. Foundries (individual)
29. Electroplating
30. Meta amino phenol
Contd…
SOURCE: MoEF, NOTIFICATION, New Delhi, the 27th January, 1994
(As amended on 04/05/1994, 10/04/1997, 27/1/2000 and 13/12/2000)

9. http://www.fao.org/docrep/V8350E/v8350e01.gif
EIA process

11. Phases followed in EIA process in India
1. Screening
2. Scoping and consideration of alternatives
3. Baseline data collection
4. Impact prediction
5. Assessment of alternatives, delineation of mitigation
measures and environmental impact statement
6. Public hearing
7. Environment Management Plan
8. Decision making
9. Monitoring the clearance conditions
SOURCE: MoEF, NOTIFICATION, New Delhi, the 27th January, 1994
(As amended on 04/05/1994, 10/04/1997, 27/1/2000 and 13/12/2000)

12. Case 1: EIA in Aquaculture
EIA is most commonly applied to intensive marine
finfish culture (salmon) and large scale shrimp culture
Mostly aquaculture is small-scale and a traditional
activity
Screening: to determine if EIA, or what level of EIA, is
required
Scoping: to determine the issues to be addressed in
the assessment – should also be informed by a risk
assessment process
Report & consultation: to produce an environmental
impact statement

13. Environmental impacts in Mariculture
 Water and sediment quality
 Climate change
 Sea level rise
 Temperature
 Toxicity
 Weather change impacts in mariculture
studied.

14. Prediction, prevention, adaptation &
mitigation of environmental impacts
 Adequate site selection
 Effective integrated monitoring systems
 Better management practices

15. Effectiveness of EIA
• The lack of a credible baseline;
• The limited application of EIA to aquaculture;
and
• The lack of effective monitoring, analysis and
feedback.
The reviews were unable to offer significant
evidence to confirm the effectiveness or cost-
effectiveness of EIA as an environmental
management tool.

16. EIA in Indian Aquaculture
 Coastal aquaculture units above 40 ha size – from planning
stage onwards
 For 10 ha and above a statement will be required to be given in
the detailed plans.
 The District/ State Level Committees set up by the CAA should
ensure that such an EIA has been carried out by the
aquaculture units before their proposal is recommended for
approval.
Source: http://caa.gov.in/uploaded/doc/Guidelines-Englishnew.pdf

17. Environment monitoring and
management plans
 Impact on the water courses in the vicinity;
 Impact on ground water quality;
 Impact on drinking water sources;
 Impact on agricultural activity;
 Impact on soil and soil salinisation;
 Waste water treatment;
 Green belt development (as per specifications of the local authorities) and
 All farms of 10 ha and more but less than 40 ha shall furnish detailed
information on
 the aforesaid aspects.
The shrimp culture units with a net water area of 40 ha or more shall incorporate an
EMMP covering,

18. Case 2: MUMBAI COASTAL ROAD PROJECT
 Mumbai - the financial capital of the country
 One of the densest metropolis of the world -
traffic congestion
 Comprehensive Traffic Studies (CTS) were
carried out to identify transportation
requirements to eliminate existing problems
 MCGM has proposed to construct a Coastal
Road on the western side of the city
Background
Image source: http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-coastal-road-from-
kandivli-to-nariman-point-gets-the-thumbs-up/16275152

19. Objective of the MCR - EIA Study
 To describe the proposed project requirements
 To establish the baseline environmental and social scenario of the
project surroundings
 To identify and describe the elements of the community &
environment likely to be affected
 To identify, predict and evaluate environmental and social
impacts expected to raise during the project
 To develop mitigation measures so as to minimize pollution,
environmental disturbance and nuisance during the project
 To design and specify the monitoring & auditing requirements
necessary to ensure the implementation and the effectiveness of
the mitigation measures adopted

20. Structure of the Report
This EIA report comprises of eleven chapters as follows
Chapter 1: Introduction- Discusses scope of study.
Chapter 2 : Project Description
Chapter 3 : Analysis of Alternatives
Chapter 4 : Description of Environment
Chapter 5 : Anticipated Environmental Impact and
Management Measure
Chapter 6 : Environmental Monitoring Program.
Chapter 7 : Additional Studies covers like mangrove
management plan and CRZ amendment issue.
Chapter 8 : Project Benefits.
Chapter 9 : Environment Management Plan
Chapter 10 : Disclosure of consultants engaged
Chapter 11 : Executive Summary

21. Ch. 1: Introduction
 Proposed road has a length of 29.20 km which lies in western
costal stretch of Mumbai, Maharashtra
 From Princess Flyover to Worli Sea Link and Bandra Sea Link
to Kandivali Junction
 The Climate of Mumbai is a tropical wet and dry climate
 Mumbai's 2013 population is estimated at 19 million, but its
total metropolitan area is home to more than 20.5 million.
The maximum annual rainfall
ever recorded was 3,452 mm

22. Ch. 2. Project road description
• Project Influence Area - Engineering
constraint, Socio-Environmental constraint,
Financial constraint
• Project Sections: From where to where
Financial Constraints:
- Material Investigations and transport
Engineering Constraints:
- Alignment passing through tidal zone
requiring protection from waves & storm surge
Environmental Constraints:
Eg (Envt constraint): Climate change/ sea
level rise

23. Ch. 3. Analysis of Alternatives
Various alternatives were considered for finalization of
alignment. Comparative study is required
• Length of the alignment
• Reclamation area
• Tunnel
• Bridge on sea etc
Based on the comparative analysis pros and cons we should
have more options

24. Ch. 4. Description of the Environment
 To understand the environmental characteristics of the area
 To assess the existing environmental quality & future
developments being studied
 To identify environmentally significant factors or geographical
areas that could influence any decision about future
development;
 Air composition, Meteorological observation, water and soil
sample analysis etc
(Location, Climatic condition, Water sources, Ground Water
Scenario, geology, National parks, Heritage sites, Coastal
protection, Landslides etc we need to describe before the
project)

25. Ch. 5. Anticipated Environmental Impact
& Management Measure
 Prediction of certain environmental impact of the project
For eg: Noise level for the year 2019, 2044 will be
predicted and mitigation measures will be proposed.
 In this case,
Vegetative noise barriers have been proposed in front of
the schools and hospitals depending on the space available.

26. Ch. 6. Environmental Monitoring
Program
 To ensure that the envisaged objectives of the project is
achieved & results in desired benefits to the target
population.
 Performance Indicator like air and water quality have
suggested

27. Ch. 7. Additional Studies
 Ecology of mangroves
 Management of mangroves
 CRZ zones

28. Ch. 8. Project Benefits
• Improved quality of life by providing easy access to basic
services and various products
• Access to improved health and education facilities
• Strengthening of economy by easy transportation of various
materials of daily use
• Better earning opportunity along the upgraded road
• Easy access to other locations
• Better connectivity with other major locations
• Increased employment opportunities for the local population

29. Ch. 9. Environment Management
Plan
The EMP is generally:
• Prepared in accordance with rules and requirements of the
MoEF/SEIAA and the State Pollution Control Board
• To ensure that the component of facility are operated in
accordance with the design;
• A process that confirms proper operation through supervision
and monitoring
• A system that addresses public complaints during
construction and operation of the facility
• A plan that ensures remedial measures are implemented
immediately

30. 10 : Disclosure of consultants
engaged
11 : Executive Summary
SOURCE: MCGM, 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT, August 2016.
http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/EIA/07032017JABJ971GEIA_Final.pdf

31. Mumbai Coastal Road Project - Timeline
 2011 - Coastal Road is a proposed - 35.6 km coastal freeway
from Nariman Point to Kandivali
 CRZ norms - disallow reclamation of land / change in norms
can only be done through an amendment to the law
 2013 – MCZMA, the state's apex environment body, urged the
Centre to amend the CRZ notification
 MoEF, expressed concerns about the creeks & mangroves
 June 6, 2015 - the State Government signed an MoU with the
Dutch Government for technical co-operation in implementing
the project.
 April 7, 2017, the coastal road project received permanent
clearance from the MoEF
 2017 – Foundation stone has to be laid
http://www.freepressjournal.in//weather-special-report-on-mumbai-coastal-road-project/1075826

32. Conditions after the Assessment
MCZMA & MoEF reservations over destruction of mangroves
finally gave the approvals on certain conditions, which included
depositing 2% of the project’s total cost to conserve coastal and
marine biodiversity
“The state mangrove cell will be receiving Rs106 crore
or 2% of the funds for phase I of the project,”
“A 200 ha patch in Airoli has been planted with mangrove
saplings. Mangrove cell ensure that the patch grows into
a mangrove forest by next year,”
Mumbai mangroves loss due to project – 37 ha
http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/coastal-road-project-mumbai-to-lose-mangrove-
cover-equivalent-to-4-oval-maidans/story-H5mCqmfPB1jVO5FxuCKXOL.html

33. THANK YOU