a presentation about language disorders

1. Language Disorders:
Aphasia and Dyslexia
Prepared by:
Kawthar A. Nahi
M.A. Studies
2015-2016

2. Introduction
 Language impairments, or disorders, are known
as aphasias and dyslexia.
 The main cause for such impairments is the
damage in a specific site in the hemisphere
where language is located, i.e. the left
hemisphere
 The brain damage may cause problems in
speaking and writing as well.
 Such impairments can cause troubles in
comprehension.

3.  Broca's Aphasia
 The motor area for spoken speech is situated in
the front part of the left hemisphere
 Paul Broca, a French Surgeon, described it in
1865 in two patients who lost speech and
showed a lesion in the 'lateral frontal lobe at
autopsy'.
 Broca's aphasia is a type of nonfluent aphasia,
because speech production is effortful with
many hesitations.
 As for other skills of language, Individuals with
this type of aphasia may be able to read but
have limited ability in writing

4.  Wernicke's Aphasia
 Wernicke’s aphasia andWernicke’s area are named
after the German neurologist CarlWernicke.
 He first related this specific type of speech deficit to
a damage in a left posterior temporal area of the
brain.
 The ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words
and sentences is impaired.
 while the ease of producing connected speech is
not very affected.
 It is called also as ‘fluent aphasia’ or ‘receptive
aphasia’.
 Reading and writing are often severely impaired

5.  Anomic Aphasia
 The most prominent difficulty is in word-finding
 The person using 'generic fillers' in utterances,
such as nonspecific nouns and pronouns, such as
the word 'thing‘.
 or circumlocution, where the person describes
the intended word.

6.  Global Aphasia
 It is founded at the other extreme of the severity
scale.
 It involves severe impairment in language
function of both expressive and receptive skills.
 The patient may be able to utter only a few
syllables, not complete words.
 Non-verbal output is used more than verbal
output due to the problems in the auditory
comprehension

7.  Conduction Aphasia
 A type of fluent aphasia with a prominent
impairment with repetition.
 Damage typically involves the left parietal region.
 The patient expresses him/ herself well, with
some 'word-finding' issues.
 Comprehension can be functional.
 The patient will show significant difficulty in
repeating phrases, particularly as the phrases
increase in length and complexity
 This type of aphasia is rare

8.  Transcortical Sensory Aphasia:
 This language impairment is caused by a
disconnection between sensory language
processes and semantic knowledge of objects.
 Conversational speech is fluent.
 patients have severe problems with naming
objects.
 There is often 'alienation' of word meaning.
 This means that the patients don’t understand
the words, even after repeating and using them
in a sentence.

9.  Dyslexia
 specific learning disability that is neurological in
origin.
 It is characterized by difficulties with accurate
and/or fluent word recognition and by poor
spelling and decoding abilities
 These difficulties typically result from a deficit in
the phonological component of language that is
often unexpected in relation to other cognitive
abilities and the provision of effective classroom
instruction

10.  characteristics associated with dyslexia:
 lack of fluency and speed in reading
 hesitant predictive reading (using context)
 hesitancy in reading
 losing the place in reading
 failing to recognise words
 low level of comprehension
 difficulty using dictionaries

11. References
 Aitchison, J. (2008).The Articulate Mammal:An introduction to
psycholinguistics. (5th edt.). NewYork: Routledge.
 Eadon, H. (2005). Dyslexia and Drama. London: David Fulton Publishers
Ltd.
 Field, ,J. (2004). Psycholinguistics:The Key Concepts. London:
Routledge
 Garman, M. (1990). Psycholinguistics. Cambridge:Cambridge University
Press.
 Gupta,A and Singhal, G. (2011). "Understanding Aphasia in a Simplified
Manner". Available at: http://medind.nic.in/
 Hickock, G. "Speech Perception, Conduction Aphasia, and the
Functional Neuroanatomy of Language". From Grodzinsky,Y. et al (eds).
(2007). Language and the Brain. San Diego: Academic Press. 87-104.
 http://www.aphasia.org/
 http://www.dyslexia-hawaii.org/
 Steinberg, D. and Sciarini, N. (2006). An Introduction to
Psychlinguistics. (2nd edt). London: Pearson Education Limited.
 Whitaker, H., A. (ed.) (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Brain and
Language. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.