Katja Leyendecker, Radforum ADFC Berlin, 9. Oktober 2019

1. 10 Jahre Rad*aktivismus
in
Großbritannien & Deutschland
Katja Leyendecker
Northumbria University, UK
Radforum ADFC Berlin
9. Oktober 2019
1

2. 2
Maskuliner
Straßenbau

3. “LTN 2/08 Man” – front cover: UK cycle infrastructure design manual 3

4. Why [is it that] in London in the early 21st
century, are cyclists more likely to be male,
affluent and to identify themselves as White?
Steinbach et al. 2011:1124
4

5. Cyclists in low-cycling countries, like in the UK
and anglophone Western countries, have an
image problem …
(Leonard, Spotswood, and Tapp 2012; Cupples
and Ridley 2008).
5

6. Some young men on bicycles (dressed in
lycra outfits, face covered with air-filter masks)
are extremely arrogant and aggressive, just like
some men in cars, and seldom are they
burdened with shopping or children.
Greed 1994:41
6

7. Photo: Mark Treasure, CEoGB 7

8. to: Marc van Woudenberg @amsterdamize 8

9. 9

10. Sanchez de Madariaga’s (2013)
“Mobility of care”
“Mobilität der sozialen Versorgung”
10

11. Versorgungswege
Frauen in
mittlerer
Altersgruppe
... sind
ständig
unterwegs
11
Civitas (2014), nach Lehner Lierz

12. women
men
Based on figures from
National Transport Survey 2013
12

13. Versorgungswege
>> Wegeketten
>> kürzere Wege
>> kompliziertere / kleinteiligere Mobilität
>> weniger Alleinwege: Einkauf, Kinder usw.
13

14. + andere Bedürfnisse
• Die kognitiven Fähigkeiten von älteren
Menschen und Kindern werden (oft) nicht
berücksichtigt in unserer Straßengestaltung
>>> kein „Spielraum“ für „Fehlverhalten“
14

15. 1515
Eurofund 2018:7

16. The historical omission of women’s voices from
urban design has been detrimental to women’s
full inclusion and participation in public life …
(Greed 1994; Eichler 1995)
16

17. 17
Radwege
sind ein
zentraler Baustein
der Verkehrswende

18. It is clear from our research that most
non-cyclists and recreational cyclists will
only consider cycling regularly if they are
segregated from [motor vehicle] traffic.
Pooley et al (2013:176)
18
Auf deutsch:
Unsere Forschungsergebnisse sind eindeutig: Die meisten Nicht-Radfahrenden
und Freizeitradfahrenden werden das Radfahren nur in Betracht ziehen, wenn sie
getrennt vom [motorisierten] Verkehr geführt werden.

19. No city in Europe or North America has achieved
high level of cycling without an extensive network
of well-integrated bike lanes and paths that
provide separation from motor vehicle traffic. […]
Separate cycling facilities are a crucial first step
towards increasing cycling and making it socially
inclusive. Pucher & Buehler (2012:351)
19
Auf deutsch:
Keine Stadt in Europa oder Nordamerika hat es geschafft einen hohen Radfahranteil zu
erreichen ohne ein gut ausgebautes Radwegenetz mit Radrouten, die getrennt vom
motorisierten Verkehr geführt werden. […] Baulich getrennte Radverkehrsanlagen sind der
wichtigste erste Schritt in Richtung Radverkehrssteigerung und soziale Integrierung.

20. Wer, was, wie, wo?
Aldred (2015)
20

21. Jan Garrard
If you want to know if
an urban environment
supports cycling, you
can forget about all the
detailed ‘bikeability
indexes’—
just measure the
proportion of cyclists
who are female
Source Scientific American 2009
21
Auf deutsch:
Wenn du wissen willst, ob die
bauliche und räumliche
Gestaltung der Stadt das
Radfahren unterstützt […]
zähle einfach, wie viele
Frauen Fahrrad fahren.

22. Susan B Anthony,
wrote in 1896:
“I think [bicycling]
has done more to
emancipate women
than any one thing
in the world”
22

23. Fastforward to the 21st Century:
In the UK, it is increasingly heard from policy
and campaigning circles that more women must
be encouraged to cycle …
(Allatt 2018; British Cycling 2013)
23

24. Wo mehr Frauen radfahren…FrauenanteilbeimRadfahren
Radverkehrsanteil
Berlin
Tokyo
Städte in USA, UK, Aus, NZ
KOP
AMS
Graph:Garrard,J.,etal.(2012).Womenandcycling.Citycycling.J.PucherandR.
Buehler,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT).
red:UKCensus2011,blue:VEPBremen2025
Newcastle
Bremen
24

25. Mit gutem Beispiel voran…
Frauen sind umweltverträglicher unterwegs: gehen,
fahren Rad oder nehmen Öffis mehr als Männer
(Familienauto ist männlich, Berufswagen)
EU27, source Civitas (2014)
25

26. 26
Eine Geschichte des
Radwegeaktivismus

27. 27
2010
Organisieren

28. 28282010

29. 2929
Petition for safe cycling to the council
–800 respondents of which 93% said
they would cycle more often if safer
routes were provided
Soonafter council changed petition
rules
2010

30. 3030
Claire Prospert wins the Sheila
McKechnie campaigning award for
transport
2010

31. Christian Wolmar
“if you want to improve cycling conditions,
start a campaign”
312010

32. “Set up a campaign
to improve cycling
facilities and create
more cycle routes in
Newcastle”
OCTOBER 2010
322010

33. “Bike lanes,
pedestrianisation,
safer streets for
cycling… we want to
take a cooperative
approach with
decision-makers”
OCTOBER 2010
332010

34. Local Transport Plan 3
Our first consultation result:
…in Newcastle, the second
most popular response (58%)
was ‘Giving priority to and
invest in walking and cycling’.
This is attributed in part to the
effectiveness of the recently-
formed Newcastle Cycling
Campaign which maintains a
high profile in the media…
Was ‘translated’ into: “LTP
consultation hijacked by the
Cycling community”
342010

35. 35
2011
Neue Politik

36. 362011

37. January - a Cycling Strategy for
Newcastle
Strategic Cycling Routes included
372011

38. Creation of a Strategic Cycle Network
Improved safety measures in the city centre
Creation of liveable neighbourhoods
Integration of bikes with public transport
Encourage cycling throughout Newcastle
Endorsed by full Council in September 2011
April 2011 we asked Councillors to
support a Cycling Manifesto:
382011

39. PhotoTedThomas
June – Cllr Nick Forbes: ”because quite frankly
our cycling infrastructure is bonkers…”
392011

40. 40
2012
Vorwerfen

41. 41
January – news clipping
2012

42. 42
March – talking through the media
2012

43. 43
August – ping, ping-pong

44. Mapping 20mph
coverage in the city
centre and discover a
shocking reality…
Plenty twenty in
Newcastle??
442012

45. 45
2013
Planen

46. April
Newcastle’s 3-year
plan, 10m GBP
462013

47. November
Love Cycling Go Dutch
Conference
Cllr Nick Forbes
“Cycling is integral to how we
seek to transform the city for
the future and that’s why it
will be so interesting to hear
from colleagues in the
Netherlands about how they
have done that.”
472013

48. In December address of the Transport
Select Committee in London
482013

49. 49
2014
Proteste

50. 50
May
Protest ride 1 “The Big Toon Ride”
PhotoDuncanBuckingham
2014

51. 512014

52. June
Newcastle’s 3-year plan –
progress?
522014

53. 53
September
Protest ride 2 “The Civic Cycle Ride”
PhotoShannonRobalino
2014

54. 542014

55. Cycle safaris
552014

56. 56
2015
Zugestanden

57. 57
April
Protest ride 3 - COUNCIL SAFETY CONCERNS
PhotoDuncanBuckingham
2015

58. 58
Local Plan includes strategic
cycle network
58
2015

59. Mapping 20mph
coverage in the city
centre and discover a
shocking reality…
Plenty twenty in
Newcastle??
2012…
592015

60. 602015

61. 5 years of cycleway campaigningOrganisieren
NeuePolitik
Vorwerfen
Planen
Proteste
612015
Zugestanden

62. 62
2016
Doktorarbeit

63. Political activities
Petition
City Chief cycle challenge
Councillor transport survey
Cycle manifesto and strategy : adopted by Full Council
Giving politicians a platform
Hustings
Campaign AGM
conferences
Speaking at Full Council meetings
Organising events and collaborations with partners
Replying to local consultations (and hijacking them…)
Oral evidence at Transport Select Committee
Providing briefings to Newcastle MPs
Presenting at APPCGNATIONAL
LOCAL
LEVEL
632016

64. What’s happening?
64
Some good things
Cycle infrastructure
But / still
Old-school transport planning : on the road (safety) to
nowhere
Piecemeal approach – no city-wide network planning
Bits and pieces – no infrastructure design standard
Protests and public mobilisation is necessary
Communication channels are clogged

65. 652016

66. 6666
Wenig Verkehrswende
Radwege werden abgebaut / nicht gebaut
Radverkehrsanteil ist stagnierend (Newcastle,
Bremen)
2016

67. 67
Beschreibend: Was erleben Aktivistinnen,
wenn sie sich für Radwege einsetzen?
Eingreifend: Was kann aus den
Erfahrungen gelernt werden, um die
Planung und Umsetzung von Radwegen
zu verbessern?
Doktorarbeit
2016

68. 682016

69. Cycle share of all trips
England 2% Germany at 11%
(DfT 2017) (BMVI 2018)
69

70. The two cities
Source: opencyclemap.org
Newcastle + Gateshead Bremen
___________________________________________________________________
Population 490,000 550,000
Density person/km 2,000 1,700
Source: Wikipedia
1 % 25%
70

71. 71
2017
Gegensatz

72. 722017
Newcastle

73. 732017
Newcastle

74. Versuchsaufbau
74

75. Versuchsaufbau
75

76. 76
“alles, was irgendwelchen Autofahrern
wehtun könnte, hat [die Politik] immer
konsequent vermieden” (D4)
“Es ist Tabu zu sagen, [das Auto] braucht
man nicht” (D5)
Interviews – Aktivistinnen:
2017

77. 77
“We have definitively grown through
learning and actually bringing more people
into the campaign but the council hasn’t
really kind of moved on or built on this
initial kind of support for cycling they
have” (UK1)
Interviews – Aktivistinnen:
2017

78. 78
“Da wird auch immer gesagt, [die
Verwaltung] sind ja die Fachleute. Da hätte
[die Politik] nichts dran zu kritisieren, das
sind ja die Fachleute” (D3)
Interviews – Aktivistinnen:
2017

79. 79
“There already was a lot of
acceptance of you know things
like roads couldn’t be changed
or wasn’t even an issue.” (UK1)
“[VC sagt:] Wenn Leute nicht
so Rad fahren wollen wie wir
das wollen, … dann muss man
die erziehen und belehren -
damit sie das anders machen”
(D5)
“Something I don't know
whether that's a man/woman
thing: to not be able to say I
learnt something from you!”
(D2)
“Das ist natürlich unglaublich, dass eine
Minderheit eine Debatte über 20 Jahre
so dominiert” [vehicular cycling] (D1)
Interviews – Aktivistinnen:
2017

80. 80
"Well, I want to know I suppose, to some
extent it’s about getting to know him
[senior councillor] and what makes him
tick" (UK2)
"long-term relationship building and
everyone having some sort of mutual
respect and a vision" (UK3)
Interviews – Aktivistinnen:
2017

81. 81
Verkehrspolitisches System
(jetzt)
81
INSTITUTIONAL AUTOMOBILITY SOCIAL AUTOMOBILITY
Technical
sphere
Political
sphere
Social
sphere
Personal
sphere

82. My research
• The Aktivistinnen verlangten Infrastruktur (und
keine legitimierte Identität)
• Ihre Begründung: persönliche Bedürfnisse
gekoppelt mit Allgemeingut/-wohl
• Die Verräumlichung ihrer Belange
radikalisierte und politisierte Debatten
• Politik und Verwaltung wurden aufmerksam
→ A new type of cycle activism resulted 82

83. Shifting political
Structural
Socialrights
Personal
responsibility
NEW CYCLE CAMPAIGNING OLDER CYCLE CAMPAIGNING
83
Progressive Liberal Conservative

84. 84
INSTITUTIONAL AUTOMOBILITY SOCIAL AUTOMOBILITY
Technical
sphere
Political
sphere
Social
sphere
Personal
sphere
Politics and
democratic
process
Cultural
transformation
Communicate
to connect
Verkehrspolitisches System
(jetzt)

85. 85
Technical
sphere Socio-
political
sphere Personal
sphere
‘Agora’
Neues
verkehrspolitisches System

86. 86
Wir geht’s weiter?
• Techno-politische Säule erleuchten,
Technokratie, vor allem Straßenbau: Wo sind
die Hürden?
• Demokratie wieder radikal andenken, auch
wieder „von links“ (communitarian and
anarchist)
• Das politische Spektrum ergreifen und
Radfahren in konservative, liberale und
progressive Diskurse einspeisen

87. 87
Radwegeaktivismus
fördert Politik
und stärkt
die Demokratie

88. THE END
ENDE
FIN
Danke 88

89. Quellen
89
Aldred, Rachel. 2015. ‘Adults’ Attitudes towards Child Cycling: A Study of the Impact of Infrastructure’. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 15 (2):
92–115.
Baker, Linda. 2009. ‘How to Get More Bicyclists on the Road’. Scientific American, 21 September 2009. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/getting-more-
bicyclists-on-the-road/?page=1.
BMVI. 2018. ‘Mobilität in Deutschland - Kurzbericht, Verkehrsaufkommen – Struktur – Trends’. http://www.mobilitaet-in-
deutschland.de/pdf/infas_Mobilitaet_in_Deutschland_2017_Kurzreport.pdf.
Bremen. 2014. ‘Verkehrsentwicklungsplan Bremen 2025’. Bremen, Germany: Senator für Bau Umwelt und Verkehr, Freie Hansestadt Bremen.
Civitas. 2014. ‘Smart Choices for Cities - Gender Equality and Mobility: Mind the Gap!’ Policy Note. Civitas Policy Notes. http://civitas.eu/sites/default/files/civ_pol-
an2_m_web.pdf.
Cupples, Julie, and Elisabeth Ridley. 2008. ‘Towards a Heterogeneous Environmental Responsibility: Sustainability and Cycling Fundamentalism’. Area 40 (2): 254–264.
DfT. 2017. ‘Transport Statistics Great Britain 2017’. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/661933/tsgb-
2017-report-summaries.pdf.
Eichler, Margrit. 1995. Change of Plans: Towards a Non-Sexist Sustainable City. Toronto, Canada: Gramond Press.
Eurofund. 2018. ‘Women in Management : Underrepresented and Overstretched?’ Policy brief. Working Conditions. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European
Union. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/sites/default/files/ef_publication/field_ef_document/ef18018en.pdf.
Garrard, Jan, Susan Handy, and Jennifer Dill. 2012. ‘Women and Cycling’. In City Cycling, edited by John Pucher and Ralph Buehler. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
Greed, Clara. 1994. Women and Planning: Creating Gendered Realities. London, UK: Routledge.
Lehner-Lierz, Ursula. 1997. ‘The Role of Cycling for Women’. In The Greening of Urban Transport: Planning for Walking & Cycling in Western Cities, edited by Rodney
Tolley, 53–69. Chichester, UK: Wiley and Son.
Leonard, Sarah, Fiona Spotswood, and Alan Tapp. 2012. ‘Overcoming the Self-Image Incongruency of Non-Cyclists’. Journal of Social Marketing 2 (1): 23–36.
https://doi.org/10.1108/20426761211203238.
NCC, and GMBC. 2015. ‘Planning for the Future - Core Strategy and Urban Core Plan for Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne 2010-2030 (Adopted March 2015)’.
Pooley, Colin G, Tim Jones, Miles Tight, Dave Horton, Griet Scheldeman, Caroline Mullen, Ann Jopson, and Emanuele Strano. 2013. Promoting Walking and Cycling : New
Perspectives on Sustainable Travel. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.
Pucher, John, and Ralph Buehler. 2012. City Cycling. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press.
Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés. 2013. ‘From Women in Transport to Gender in Transport: Challenging Conceptual Frameworks for Improved Policymaking’. Journal of
International Affairs 67 (1): 43–XVIII.
Steinbach, Rebecca, Judith Green, Jessica Datta, and Phil Edwards. 2011. ‘Cycling and the City: A Case Study of How Gendered, Ethnic and Class Identities Can Shape
Healthy Transport Choices’. Social Science & Medicine 72 (7): 1123–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.033.
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