Types of pipes

PIPE CONNECTIONS
GROUP 1
PRESENTED BY:-
ANTARIKSH AGARWAL
KAUSTUV S. RUHELA
ROHIT ANAND
VATSAL GARG

INTRODUCTION
 A water pipe is any pipe or tube designed to transport
treated drinking water/potable water to consumers/building.
 They differ according to sizes:-
1) Large diameter main pipes, which supply entire towns
2) Smaller branch lines that supply a street or group of
buildings,
3) Small diameter pipes located within individual buildings

MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION
OF PIPES
• PIPES COME IN SEVERAL TYPES AND SIZES. THEY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO
THREE MAIN CATEGORIES: METALLIC PIPES, CEMENT PIPES AND PLASTIC
PIPES.
• METALLIC PIPES INCLUDE STEEL PIPES, GALVANISED IRON PIPES AND CAST
IRON PIPES.
• CEMENT PIPES INCLUDE CONCRETE CEMENT PIPES AND ASBESTOS
CEMENT PIPES.
• PLASTIC PIPES INCLUDE PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PIPES
SOURCE:http://www.slideshare.n
et/ManishPandey63/ppt-on-
waution-system-by-manish-
pandeyter-distrib

DIFFERENT TYPES
• CAST IRON (CI) PIPES
• STEEL PIPES
• GALVANIZED IRON (GI) PIPES
• COPPER PIPES
• PLASTIC OR POLYTHENE OR PVC PIPES
• ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPES
• CONCRETE PIPES
• POLYPROPYLENE(PPR) PIPES

GALVANIZED IRON PIPES
• THIS TYPE OF PIPE IS USED FOR WATER
SUPPLY WORK INSIDE THE BUILDING.
THESE PIPES ARE WROUGHT STEEL PIPES
PROVIDED WITH ZINC COATING.
• APPLICATION AREAS:
• WATER & SEWERAGE.
• FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATIONS.
• PLUMBING SYSTEMS.

• ADVANTAGES :-
• LOW INSTALLATION AND
MAINTENANCE COST
• LONG LIFE
• TOUGHNESS
• ANTI-RUST PIPES
• USEFUL FOR LARGE CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS-DURABLE AND LARGE
DIAMETER
• DISADVANTAGES :-
• HEAVY TO HANDLE.
• DEVELOPS BLOCKAGES.
• DIFFICULT TO REPAIR.

• USE T CONNECTORS TO MAKE A BRANCH OFF A MAIN LINE, Y JOINTS
WHERE A SINGLE LINE IS SPLIT INTO TWO OR STRAIGHT-LINE
CONNECTORS TO JOIN THE ENDS OF TWO PIPES, OF THE SAME OR
DIFFERENT SIZES.
• JOINTING METHODS :-
I. SCREWED JOINTS
II. GROOVED JOINTS
III. WELDED JOINTS
IV. FLANGED JOINTS
Source :-
www.pmengineer.com/ext/...
/0208PME_Pipe_Joining_M
ethods_07.pdf

Screwed joints Grooved Joints
Welded Joints
Flanged Joints

• INSTALLING :-
1. CUT.
2. DEBURR.
3. FITTINGS-USING TEFLON TAPES.
4. HANGING THE PIPES-A GOOD RULE OF THUMB FOR PLACING
SUPPORTS IS EVERY 6-8 FEET ON HORIZONTAL PIPING.
5. JOINING WITH COPPER-DONE IN CASE OF LEAKAGE.

• AVAILABLE FITTINGS :-
• THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN LIGHT,
MEDIUM AND HEAVY GRADES
DEPENDING ON THE THICKNESS
OF THE METAL.
• THESE PIPES ARE AVAILABLE IN
SIZE RANGE FROM DN 20MM –
DN 300MM SUPPLIED IN
STANDARD LENGTH OF 5.8 – 6
MTRS AS PER BS 1387 WHICH IS
EQUIVALENT TO EN: 10255.

PVC/PLASTIC/POLYTHENE PIPES
• THESE PIPES ARE BEING USED INCREASINGLY
THESE DAYS FOR SUPPLY OF COLD WATER IN
EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PLUMBING WORK.
• THERE ARE 3 COMMON TYPES OF PLASTIC PIPES
ARE AVAILABLE IN MARKET, AS GIVEN BELOW.
• UNPLASTICIZED PVC (UPVC) OR RIGID PIPES
FOR USE WITH COLD WATER
• PLASTICIZED PVC PIPES WHICH ARE PLASTICIZED
WITH ADDITION OF RUBBER. IT HAS LOWER
STRENGTH AND LOWER WORKING
TEMPERATURE THAN UPVC PIPES.
• CHLORINATED PVC (CPVC) PIPES WHICH CAN
WITHSTAND HIGHER TEMPERATURES UPTO
1200 (USED TO CARRY HOT WATER).

 SUPPLY OF COLD WATER IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL PLUMBING
WORK.
• FOR PIPES USED IN SOIL AND WASTE WATER DISCHARGE SYSTEMS, THE
THICKNESS OF THE WALL WILL BE LARGER THAN THAT OF USED FOR
ROOF DRAINAGE.
• RIGID PVC PIPES ARE USED FOR DISTRIBUTION OF WATER WITH
TEMPERATURE BELOW 450C.
• AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE, THE STRENGTH OF THE PIPES DECREASES.
SIMILARLY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION FROM SUNLIGHT AS WELL AS
FREQUENT CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE REDUCES THE LIFE OF PVC PIPES.

• ADVANTAGES :-
1. DURABLE AND USABLE.
2. CORROSION RESISTANT.
3. INSULATION.
• DISADVANTAGES :-
1. HEAT CONSTRAINTS.
2. COST.
3. WEIGHT.

Source :-
www.pmengineer.com/ext/...
/0208PME_Pipe_Joining_M
ethods_07.pdf
JOINING METHODS :-

Solvent Cementing Heat Fusion

AVAILABLE FITTINGS :-

STEEL PIPES
• STEEL PIPES ARE COMPARATIVELY EXPENSIVE.
• BUT THEY ARE THE STRONGEST AND MOST DURABLE OF ALL WATER
SUPPLY PIPES.
• THEY CAN WITHSTAND HIGH WATER PRESSURE, COME IN
CONVENIENT (LONGER) LENGTHS THAN MOST OTHER PIPES AND
THUS INCUR LOWER INSTALLATION/TRANSPORTATION COSTS. THEY
CAN ALSO BE EASILY WELDED.
SOURCE:http://www.slideshare.net/M
anishPandey63/ppt-on-water-
distribution-system-by-manish-pandey

SIZES OF STEEL PIPES
Source :
https://www.googl
e.com/#tbm=isch
&q=steel+pipes+s
pecification+sizes
&imgrc=88ZUm-
ZhD0RPeM%3A

ADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES
• STEEL PIPES ARE HIGHLY EFFICIENT, AND IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE A SMALLER
DIAMETER OF PIPE MADE FROM STEEL THAN PIPES MADE FROM OTHER MATERIALS.
• THE MASS FLOW RATE FOR STAINLESS STEEL PIPES IS MUCH HIGHER PER DIAMETER
THAN MANY OTHER MATERIALS. THIS CAN SAVE ON THE COST OF THE PIPES
WITHOUT SACRIFICING FLOW RATE.
• STEEL IS STRONG AND WILL RESIST DAMAGING FACTORS THAT CAN RUIN OTHER
PIPES, SUCH AS TREE ROOTS, HUMAN ERROR, AND EXTREME WEATHER
CONDITIONS.
• UNLIKE PLASTIC PIPES, STEEL PIPES ARE 100 PERCENT RECYCLABLE. WHEN THE
PIPES ARE NO LONGER NEEDED, THEY CAN BE MELTED DOWN AND TURNED BACK
INTO OTHER USEABLE METAL PIECES IN OTHER INDUSTRIES. Source :
https://www.google.com/#tbm=
isch&q=steel+pipes+specificatio
n+sizes&imgrc=88ZUm-
ZhD0RPeM%3A

DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL PIPES
• DIFFERENCE OF HEAT TRANSFER: UNLESS FOR BONDED ALUMINUM OR
COPPER BASE, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY IS VERY POOR
• IT IS OFTEN MORE EXPENSIVEMANY PEOPLE THINK THAT THIS IS A
ONE-TIME PURCHASE, WORTH THE INVESTMENT
• IT IS VERY DIFFICULT TO FABRICATE AND SINCE IT IS NOT THAT MUCH
MALLEABLE AS COMPARED TO OTHER METALS THEREFORE IT IS
DIFFICULT IN CASE OF REPAIR OR RE WORK BEING DONE.
Source :
https://www.google.com/#tb
m=isch&q=steel+pipes+specif
ication+sizes&imgrc=88ZUm-
ZhD0RPeM%3A

USES OF STEEL PIPES
• WATER MAINS
• SEWERAGE SYSTEMS.
INDUSTRIAL WATER LINES
• PLANT PIPING.
• DEEP TUBE-WELLS
• CASING PIPES
• PIPE LINES FOR NATURAL GAS
Source :
https://www.google.co
m/#tbm=isch&q=steel
+pipes+specification+s
izes&imgrc=88ZUm-
ZhD0RPeM%3A

STEEL PIPES
• INSTALLATION OF STEEL PIPES :-
SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.org
/pdf/pex_designguide_residen
tial_water_supply.pdf

STEEL PIPES
SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.org/pd
f/pex_designguide_residential_wat
er_supply.pdf

STEEL PIPES
SOURCE:https://plasticpipe.o
rg/pdf/pex_designguide_resi
dential_water_supply.pdf

PRP PIPES
• THE PPR PIPE IS ONE OF THE LATEST PIPES RESULTING FROM
EUROPEAN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY OF GOS. ITS RAW MATERIALS,
A PROPYLENE RANDOM COPOLYMER
• FEATURED BY EXCELLENT CLEANNESS, COST EFFECTIVENESS,
APPLICABILITY AND ADVANTAGE IN SAFETY, IT IS CONSIDERED AS THE
OPTIMAL PIPE MATERIAL FOR COLD AND HOT WATER SYSTEM, WATER
PURIFYING ENGINEERING, UNDERGROUND HEATING SYSTEM FOR
WOODEN FLOOR, CHEMICAL PIPE WORKS
https://www.google.com/#q=ppr+p
ipes+specification+sizes&tbm=isch

TOLERANCES AND THICKNESS OF PRP
PIPES
https://www.google.com/#q=ppr
+pipes+specification+sizes&tbm=i
sch

SIZES OF PRP PIPES
https://www.google.com/#
q=ppr+pipes+specification
+sizes&tbm=isch

ADVANTAGES OF PRP PIPES
• PPR PIPE IS COST-EFFECTIVE AND ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY.
• IT CAN BE USED AS A COLD WATER PIPE, HOT WATER PIPES CAN ALSO BE
USED
• ONCE INSTALLATION DONE AND PRESSURE TEST PASSED , THERE ARE
NOT THE SAME AS THE ALUMINUM PIPE LEAKING A LONG TIME ON THE
AGING PHENOMENON.
• :MODERATE PRICE, STABLE PERFORMANCE, HEAT INSULATION,
CORROSION RESISTANCE, SMOOTH INNER WALL, SAFE AND RELIABLE,
DOES NOT PENETRATE, USE FIXED NUMBER OF YEAR CAN BE UP TO 50
YEARS.
https://www.google.com/#q=pp
r+pipes+specification+sizes&tbm
=isch

DISADVANTAGES OF PRP PIPES
• THE CONSTRUCTION TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS HIGHER
• NEED TO USE SPECIAL TOOLS AND PROFESSIONALS TO UNDERTAKE
CONSTRUCTION IN ORDER TO ENSURE SYSTEM SAFETY.
• IT IS STILL NOT THAT MUCH POPULAR AMONGST THE USERS AND THE
CONSUMERS .
• MOREOVER COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CONSTRUCTION ARE NOT
FULLY RELYING ON IT.
https://www.google.com/#q=ppr
+pipes+specification+sizes&tbm
=isch

USES OF PRP PIPES
RESIDENTIAL COLD AND HOT WATER SYSTEM
UNDERGROUND HEATING SYSTEM
CONVEYOR OF INDUSTRIAL WATER AND CHEMICAL MATERIALS
SANITARY AND PURE WATER PIPELINES
HOT WATER RECYCLING SYSTEM
COMPRESSED AIR PIPELINES
DRINK MANUFACTURING AND CONVEYING SYSTEM
OTHER INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL PIPELINES
https://www.google.com/#q
=ppr+pipes+specification+s
izes&tbm=isch

PPR PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION
• PPR PIPE IS KNOWN OF POLYPROPYLENE PIPE. IT IS USED IN MOST
HOME IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS A WATER SUPPLY PIPELINE.
http://www.hengxing-
group.com/faq/products-
knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-

PPR PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION
knowledge/What-is-the-PPR-pipe.html

INSTALLATION OF PPR PIPES

PICTURE CLIPS SHOWING PPR PIPES
AFTER BEING INSTALLED

IRON PIPES
• SOURCE:HTTP://WWW.123RF.COM/PHOTO_7606230_
VECTOR-COLLECTION-OF-DETAILED-CONSTRUCTION-
PIECES-PIPES-FITTINGS-GATE-VALVE-FAUCET-ELLS.HTML
They come in various shapes such as L-
shape,T-shape,I-shape etc.

IRON PIPES ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
• CAST IRON PIPE IS THE PREFERRED CHOICE FOR HANDLING HIGH PRESSURES AND
LOADS OF WATER.
• HOWEVER, THESE PIPES ARE VERY HEAVY AND IT REQUIRES SPECIFIC MEANS OF
TRANSPORTATIONS.
• THEY ARE CHEAPER IN COST, IT HAS HIGH RESISTANCE TO CORROSION, IT IS
HIGHLY DURABLE.
• IT IS ALSO NOT ADVISABLE TO USE CAST IRON PIPES IN INACCESSIBLE PLACES
• BECAUSE OF THEIR HEAVY LOAD, THESE PIPES ARE MADE IN SHORTER LENGTHS.
THIS EQUATES TO MORE JOINTING AND A MORE COMPLICATED LAYOUT.

IRON PIPES AND ITS INSTALLATION
In this diagram L-shaped , T-
shaped and Y-shaped iron
pipes are used.
Pipes are usually given a
bend at places where
needed.
U-shaped pipes are used at
places where a cleanout is
needed.
SOURCE:http://www.123rf.com/photo_76
06230_vector-collection-of-detailed-
construction-pieces-pipes-fittings-gate-
valve-faucet-ells.html

MANUFACTURING METHODS
• HORIZONTALLY CAST (MC WARE PIPES)
• VERTICAL CAST (PIT CAST IN SAND MOULDS)
• CENTRIFUGALLY CAST IN SAND LINES MOULDS SPUN TYPE
• CENTRIFUGALLY CAST IN WATER COOLED METAL MOULDS
Now a days horizontally cast C.I. pipes are no longer used.
Centrifugally cast pipes posses fine grained dense structure and uniform thickness
and therefore they are widely used.

CUTTING METHODS FOR CAST IRON
• CUTTING CAST IRON SOIL PIPE WITH A SNAP CUTTER
GENERALLY CATOGARISED IN TWO.
Require external power.
require only hand operation. Examples of this type of equipment
include the abrasive saw (sometimes called a chop saw).

JOINING METHODS FOR CAST IRON
THREE TYPES:-
• Compression Gaskets
• Hubless Joints
• Caulked Joints

COMPRESSION GASKET
The compression gasket is a precision molded
one-piece gasket that is made of an
elastomer that meets the requirements of
ASTM C-564. The physical characteristics of
this elastomer ensures that the gasket will not
decay or deteriorate from contact with the
materials flowing in the pipe or chemicals in
the soil or air around the pipe.

• THE HUBLESS COUPLING SYSTEM
TYPICALLY USES A ONE-PIECE
NEOPRENE GASKET AND A
SHIELD OF STAINLESS STEEL
RETAINING CLAMPS. THE GREAT
ADVANTAGE OF THE SYSTEM IS
THAT IT PERMITS JOINTS TO BE
MADE IN LIMITED-ACCESS AREAS.
HUBLESS JOINT

ANY TIME CAULKED JOINTS ARE
USED, SAFETY PROCEDURES SHOULD
BE OBSERVED AND PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT AND CLOTHING SHOULD
BE EMPLOYED. USE CUSTOMARY
PRECAUTIONS IN USING OR
HANDLING MOLTEN LEAD. IF A
HORIZONTAL JOINT IS TO BE MADE, A
POURING ROPE MUST BE USED TO
RETAIN THE MOLTEN LEAD IN THE
HUB.
CAULKED JOINTS

COPPER PIPES
• BUT BECAUSE OF STEEL’S TENDENCY TO
CORRODE OVER TIME, COPPER PIPES HAVE
SUPERSEDED GALVANIZED STEEL AS THE
METAL OF CHOICE DURING THE LAST 70
YEARS. COPPER FACES COMPETITION TODAY
FROM PLASTICS SUCH AS PEX, PVC, AND
CPVC, BUT IT STILL REMAINS A POPULAR
CHOICE. WE’LL LOOK AT WHAT MAKES
COPPER AN ATTRACTIVE CHOICE FOR
PLUMBING—AND WHY SOMETIMES PLASTIC
IS THE BETTER OPTION

COPPER PIPES
ADVANTAGES
• Copper is a naturally corrosion-resistant metal.
• Durable metal (capable of withstanding 1,000 psi of pressure), copper is also
lightweight.
• Easier to extend over long stretches without supports.
DISADVANTAGE
• Copper pipes also encounter problems from water acidity, so they are not
good to install for plumbing systems that draw water from a well.
• Costs more than plastic.
• Copper is flexible as far as metals go, but plastic pipes can bend to fit into
almost any space necessary.

COPPER PIPES
• CUTTING
Small diameter pipes, up to 12 mm OD are best cut with a junior hacksaw but it is
usually more convenient to use a tube cutter for 15, 22, 28 and 35 mm sizes.
• Annealing
It is sometimes necessary to anneal half-hard tube in the larger sizes, to
facilitate specialist bending or forming. To achieve this, the tube is heated to a
dull red heat (600°C) and is either allowed to air cool or may be quenched
immediately in cold water.
• Bending
Copper tubes in the annealed or half-hard condition are
easily bent by using bending techniques appropriate to
the size and temper of the tubes

COPPER PIPES
TYPES OF FITTING
Fittings fall into two main categories, capillary and compression types, with a new
third category of push-fit and press-fit fittings.
• Capillary fittings
The capillary fitting utilizes the force of capillary action to ensure that molten solder, or
brazing alloy, is drawn into the gap between the outside surface of the tube and the inside
surface of the socket of the fitting to produce a very strong joint. The strength of the joint,
when correctly made, is invariably stronger than the tube.

COPPER PIPES
• Jointing without fittings
Copper tubes can be joined without using a fitting by expanding the end of one
tube to form a socket and inserting the end of another tube of the same diameter.
This is achieved by using a precision expander.
Socket forming for
equal diameter tubes
Connections of tubes with
different diameters
ExpanderSocket
joint
Branched joint

COPPER PIPES
• Compression fittings
Type “A” non-manipulative compression fittings.
As the name implies, do not require any
manipulation of the tube end prior to
installation. The joint is made by tightening a
compression ring or sleeve onto the outside of
the tube when the compression nut is tightened
onto the body of the fitting. This type of fitting
can be used on straight lengths of half-hard
tubing but only up to 12 mm OD on coiled
annealed tubing unless a suitable supporting
sleeve is provided. Type “B” manipulative
compression fittings require the end of the tube
to be flared, cupped or belled with a special
forming tool after the end of the tube has
been cut square.
Type “B”
Type “A”
Compression
ring
Fitting body Compression
nut
Fitting
body
(gunmetal)
Adaptor
Compression
ring Compression
NUT

CONCRETE PIPE
Steel reinforced concrete pipe (SRCP) has a product life of 100 years or
more - one of the best service lives of any pipe product. It is the low risk
choice for specifies with a long history of reliability, no limits to weather
exposure prior to installation and increasing strength over time. It is easy to
join and install, self heals and performs soundly above or below the water
table.
Applications:
• Transverse culverts
• Stormwater drainage
• Pressure and irrigation
• Pipe jacking and micro-tunnelling

CONCRETE PIPES
Advantages of the reinforced concrete pipes are as follows:
•Suitable for conveying all types of water;
•Easy to install and with flexible joints;
•Can withstand backfill pressure, as well as vehicle traffic loads taking place
above it;
•Because of the smooth inner surface, there are small friction losses;
•They are available in different diameters ranging (300-1,500 m for the first type
of pipe; 1,000-4,000 mm for the second type);
•They are water tight and durable, even with cracks in the inner and outer
coating layers
The Disadvantages of reinforced concrete pipes are as follows:
•It is necessary to conduct detailed studies regarding the pipe fittings, based on
the specific project requirements;
•They are heavy, with this feature being reflected in their transportation and
installation costs;
•It is difficult to re-establish the inner and outer pipe coating if it is damaged
during repair works;
•They require special care in its manufacturing, transportation and installation;
•They may require grounding measures in some cases.

LOADS ON BURIED PIPES
WEIGHT ON MATERIAL
The width of the trench is related to the size of the force, with a wider
trench causing greater force. It is important not to exceed the width of the
pipe trench.
Correct Width Wider Trench
= MORE SEVERE LOAD
The width and depth of trenches to be excavated will depend on
many factors including:
Pipe size
Type of soil and substrate
Application and load (local road, highway, inter-allotment, etc)
Pipe invert depth
Pipeline direction (whether straight or deflecting around a curve)

Pipe Laying Sequence
The pipe laying sequence is normally conducted facing
upstream, with the spigot end facing down-stream. The
spigot ends are pushed into the socket end.
Progress
Push home

JOINTS
Joints have an in-wall rebated spigot and socket which is
designed to resist water ingress/egress using rubber ‘v’
rings, see Figure
Applying lube
Rubber V-Ring
Spigot Socket
V-Ring
faces the
socket
Gasket
Goove
Lubricant is a special compound that consists of a
soft soap solution, which facilitates jointing of the
rubber ring joint.

THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF CRACKS OBSERVED ARE AS FOLLOWS:
CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACKING – TYPICALLY DUE TO INADEQUATE BEDDING AND
HAUNCH SUPPORT, WHICH LEADS TO BENDING OF THE PIPE. THIS TYPE OF
DAMAGE CAN ALSO BE CAUSED BY UNSTABLE TRENCH FOUNDATION AND WALLS
Damage and Repairs
Longitudinal
cracking – typically
due to over-loading
of the pipe.
Overload occurs
when an extremely
heavy wheel load is
imposed or where
there is not enough
cover over the pipe.

REPAIRING PIPE SECTIONS
Repairing damaged concrete pipes is
relatively straight forward as the material
does not contain steel reinforcing and is
easy to cut when using the right tools.
Damaged sections can be cut-out and
repaired using rubber
repair collars
RUBBER REPAIR
REPLACEMENT
SECTION

ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES
These pipes have been in use throughout the world since 1913. They
are made of a mixture of 82-90% cement and 10-18% asbestos fibers.
They are available in diameters ranging between 60-2,000 mm, and
can withstand pressures ranging between 6-20 atmospheric pressures.
These pipes are connected with separate special fittings. The use of
asbestos pipes to convey potable water over the last two decades, due
to increasing concern with their health hazards. However, they are still
used to convey irrigation and sanitary drainage water.

ASBESTOS-CEMENT PIPES
The advantages of asbestos pipes are as follows:
• They are resistant to wear and corrosion, thereby being useful in situations
involving corrosive water or soil;
• They have smooth internal surfaces, resulting in low friction losses;
• They are easy to install and maintain;
• The major raw material (cement) required for their manufacture is usually
available locally.
The disadvantages of asbestos pipes are as follows:
•The asbestos material used in manufacturing the pipes represent a carcinogenic health
hazard when used to transport water for human consumption. It also is a hazard during the
manufacturing, installation and maintenance of the pipes;
•The pipes have a low resistance to vibrations from vehicular traffic passing over them;
•They have a low resistance to shocks, facilitating their breakdown during their loading,
transportation, unloading and installation;
•It is difficult to secure precise measurements of the thickness of the cylinder during the
manufacturing process, as well as difficult to determine the required resistance to pressures;
•There is a poor availability of fitting of the same material as the cylinder;
•They cannot be used in loamy soil that expands, or in liquid soils.

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