2. Animal cells are eukaryotic cells, or cells with a
membrane-bound nucleus. Unlike prokaryotic
cells, DNA in animal cells is housed within the nucleus.
In addition to having a nucleus, animal cells also
contain other membrane-bound organelles, or tiny
cellular structures, that carry out specific functions
necessary for normal cellular operation. Organelles
have a wide range of responsibilities that include
everything from producing hormones and enzymes
to providing energy for animal cells.
4. Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is a biological
membrane that separates the interior of
all cells from the outside
environment. The cell membrane
is selectively permeable to ions and
organic molecules and controls the
movement of substances in and out of
cells. It basically protects the cell from
outside forces. It consists of the lipid
bilayer with embedded proteins.
5. Fungi, bacteria and plants also have
the cell wall which provides a
mechanical support for the cell and
precludes the passage of larger
molecules. The cell membrane also
plays a role in anchoring the
cytoskeleton to provide shape to the
cell, and in attaching to
the extracellular matrix and other cells
to help group cells together to
form tissues.
6. Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance
residing between the cell membrane holding all
the cell's internal sub-structures
(organelles), except for the nucleus. All the
contents of the cells of prokaryote organisms
are contained within the cytoplasm. It is within
the cytoplasm that most cellular activities
occur, such as many metabolic
pathways including glycolysis, and processes
such as cell division.
7. The main function of the cytoplasm
is to hold the cell organelles of the
cell. Cell organelles are basically
components of the cell which control
all the activities of the cell.
For example, mitochondria are cell
organelles which control almost all
of the cell's metabolic activities.
8. Necleus
In cell biology, the nucleus is a
membrane-enclosed organelle found
in eukaryotic cells. It contains most
of the cell's genetic
material, organized as multiple long
linear DNA molecules in complex
with a large variety of proteins, such
as histones, to form chromosomes.
9. The main function of the cell nucleus is to
control gene expression and mediate the
replication of DNA during the cell cycle.
The nucleus provides a site for
genetic transcription that is segregated
from the location of translation in the
cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene
regulation that are not available
to prokaryotes.
10. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is
an organelle of cells in eukaryotic organisms that forms
an interconnected network of
tubules, vesicles, and cisternae. The general structure
of an endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous
network of cisternae (sac-like structures) held
together by the cytoskeleton. The endoplasmic
reticulum serves many general functions, including
the facilitation of protein folding and the transport of
synthesized proteins in sacs called cisternae.
11. Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, is an organelle found
in most eukaryotic cells. It was identified in
1898 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi
and named after him. Part of the
cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi
apparatus packages proteins inside the cell
before they are sent to their destination; it is
particularly important in the processing of
proteins for secretion. It synthesise a large
number of different macromolecules.
12. The Golgi apparatus is integral in
modifying, sorting, and packaging these
macromolecules for cell secretion or use within the
cell. It primarily modifies proteins delivered from
the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also
involved in the transport of lipids around the
cell, and the creation of lysosomes. In this respect
it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it
packages and labels items which it then sends to
different parts of the cell.
13. Lysosome
Lysosomes are
cellular organelles that contain
acid hydrolase enzymes to break
down waste materials and cellular
debris. They can be described as the
stomach of the cell. They are found in
animal cells, while their existence in
yeasts and plants are disputed.
14. Lysosomes function as the digestive
system of the cell, serving both to
degrade material taken up from outside
the cell and to digest obsolete
components of the cell itself. In their
simplest form, lysosomes are visualized
as dense spherical vacuoles, but they
can display considerable variation in size
and shape as a result of differences in
the materials that have been taken up for
digestion .
15. Mitochondria
In cell biology, a mitochondrion is a membrane-
enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
These organelles range from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometre in
diameter. The most prominent roles of mitochondria
are to produce the energy currency of the cell
ATP , through respiration, and to regulate
cellular metabolism. The central set of reactions
involved in ATP production are collectively known as
the citric acid cycle, or the Krebs Cycle. However, the
mitochondrion has many other functions in addition
to the production of ATP.
16. • A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is
present in all plant and fungal cells and
some protist, animal and bacterial cells. Vacuoles are
essentially enclosed compartments which are filled with
water containing inorganic and organic molecules
including enzymes in solution, though in certain cases
they may contain solids which have been engulfed.
Vacuole
17. • Some Vacuole functions are as follows:
1) Removing unwanted structural debris
2) Isolating materials that might be harmful to the cell
3) Containment of waste products
4) Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the
cell
5) Maintaining an acidic internal pH
6) Containing small molecules
7)Exporting unwanted substances from the cell.
8)Enabling the cell to change shape.
18.
19. Animal Cell Plant Cell
Nucleus: Present Present
Cilia: Present It is very rare
Shape: Round (irregular shape) Rectangular(fixed shape)
Chloroplast: Animal cells don't have Plant cells have chloroplasts
chloroplasts because they make their own
food
Cytoplasm: Present Present
Endoplasmic Reticulum Present Present
(Smooth and Rough):
Ribosomes: Present Present
Mitochondria: Present Present
20. Animal Cell Plant Cell
Golgi Apparatus: Present Present
Cell wall: Absent Present
Plasma Membrane: only cell membrane cell wall and a cell
membrane
Microtubules/ Present Present
Microfilaments:
Flagella: May be found in some May be found in some
cells cells
Lysosomes: Lysosomes occur in
cytoplasm.
Vacuole: One or more small One, large central vacuole
vacuoles (much smaller taking up 90% of cell
than plant cells). volume.
Centrioles: Present in all animal cells Only present in lower
plant forms.
Plastids: Absent Present
