This presentation about thyroid gland :
- Anatomy of thyroid gland
- Physiology of thyroid gland
- Pathology of thyroid gland
- Treatment and prevention of thyroid disease
2. Key Words
Brief Introduction of thyroid gland
Thyroid Gland
Anatomic Location
Structure
Hormones
Physiology (Action and Function)
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid Pathology
Prevention and Treatment
3. Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland is one of the largest
endocrine gland in the body
Consists of two connected lobe
control metabolic rate, protein synthesis
and control The body’s sensitivity to other
hormone
4. Thyroid Gland
Location of thyroid gland
Situated in the neck region in front of
larynx and trachea
Made up of two lobes of thick red
glandular tissue joined together by a
narrow strip or bridge called isthmus
6. Thyroid Gland
Structure of thyroid gland
• is a butterfly shaped organ
• Usually the right lobe is larger than the left
lobe
• Usually larger in Women
12. Thyroid Gland
Hormones of thyroid gland
• Thyroxine T4 is more amount in
blood but less potent
• Trriodothyronine T3 is is less
amount in blood but more potent
13. Thyroid Gland
Formation and secretion
of thyroid hormones
• Approximately 87% of T3 is produced by
monodeiodination of T4
• Small amounts of reverse tri-iodothyronine (R T3)
also found in thyroid venous blood
• (reverse T3 is inactive)
14. Thyroid Gland
Hormonal function
I. Regulation of basal metabolic rate and
intake of oxygen
II. regulation of cellular metabolism
III. Regulation of growth and development
Thyroid hormones have several function
15. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormones Action on the Body
I. Effects of Nervous System
II. Effects on Skeletal Muscle
III.Effects on the Heart
16. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormones Action on the Body
IV.Relation to Catecholamines
V. Effects on Carbohydrate and Cholesterol Metabolism
VI. Effects on Growth and Development
17. Thyroid Gland
Thyroid Hormones Action on the Body
VII. Effects on Endocrine System
VIII. Increased respiration
IX. Increased GI motility
23. Graves Disease
Etiology
Exactly etiology is not known
Possible trigger
Postpartum state
Iodine excess
Lithium therapy
Bacterial and viral infections
Genetic Factor
HLA-B8
HLADR3
Sensitized T-Helper lymphocyte
Human leukocyte antigen ( HLA) include
25. Graves Disease
associated with other autoimmune
conditions such as
• Type 1 Diabetes mellitus
• Addison’s disease
• Pernicious anemia
• Myasthenia gravis
26. Graves Disease
Clinical Features
• Heat intolerance
• Increased sweating and thirst
• Weight loss despite adequate caloric intake
• Symptoms of increased adrenergic stimulation
• GI Symptoms
32. Subacute thyroidites
• Pain and discomfort
• Thyroid gland become inflammed
• Initially make hyperthyroidism
• Change to hypothyroidism
33. Subacute thyroidites
Cause and risk factors
• Viral infection
• Women aged 40 to 50
• Upper respiratory infection (flu and mumps)
34. Subacute thyroidites
Sign and Symptoms
• Pain in the thyroid gland
• Pain spread to neck, ears and jaw
• Swallon of thyroid and tendor to touch
• Pain remain between 1 to 3 months
36. Subacute granulmatous
thyroiditis
• Most common types
• Viral infection
• Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
• Change to hypothyroidism
• Commonly make permanent complications
37. Postpartum thyroiditis
• Women one year after giving birth
• Goes away within 18 months
• Autoimmune disease
• Hyperthyroidism changes to hypothyroidism
38. Subacute lymphocytic
thyroiditis
• During postpartum period
• Hyperthyroidism develops earlier
• Three months after birth
• Hypothyroidism stay more for several months
41. Hypothyroidism
• Disorder of the
endocrine system in
which the thyroid
gland does not
produce enough
thyroid hormone
• Hashimoto’s disease
• Congenital hypothyroidism
44. Hashimoto’s disease
• Also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroidites ,
is a condition in which your immune system
attacks your thyroid gland
• The most common cause of hypothyroidism in
areas of the world where iodine levels are
sufficient
• Primarily affects middle-aged women
47. Hashimoto’s disease
Diagnosis
• A hormone test blood tests can determine the
amount of hormones produced by your thyroid
and pituitary glands
• An antibody test because Hashimoto’s disease is
an autoimmune disorder , the cause involves
production of abnormal antibodies (TPO
antibodies).
48. Cretinism
Also known as Congenital hypothyroidism
Is a sever deficiency of thyroid hormone in
newborns , it causes impaired neurological
function , stunted growth, and physical
deformities.
51. Cretinism
Signs and symptoms
Early stage
Short and thickened bones
Slow movement
Development of dry skin
Abnormal physical characteristics
Short and wide face
Underdeveloped lower jaw
Overdeveloped upper jaw
macroglossia
54. Cretinism
Diagnosis of cretinism
• Blood Test
• New-born screening test These are the usual
screening tests done by the doctor in first 24 to
72 hours of life to check for metabolic and genetic
disorder
• Ultrasonography the non-radioactive imaging
tests to look for the structural abnormalities in
the thyroid gland
57. Prevention
• According to (ATA) more than
12% of people living in U.S.A
will develop a thyroid condition
at sometime in their lives
• 20 million Americans have
thyroid disease
58. Prevention
I. Ask for a Thyroid Collar for X-Rays
II. Stop Smoking
III. Eat less soy
66. Treatment
Most thyroid patients who receive
RAI treatment or have surgery
eventually end up hypothyroid and
are treated with thyroid hormone
replacement drugs
Hyperthyroidism/Graves
Disease Treatments
