4. 6-4
3 Major Functions of Cartilage
Supporting soft tissues.
Providing a gliding surface at
articulations (joints)
Providing a model for the formation of
most of the bones in the body.
5. 6-5
Types of Cartilage
Three types of cartilage:
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant kind
Has a perichondrium (membrane)
Associated with synovial joints
Most bones first modeled in hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Has collagen fibers
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis
Elastic cartilage
Has elastic fibers
Ear, respiratory tubing
9. 9-9
Mobility and Stability in Joints
Motion permitted ranges from none to various
extensive motions.
Structure determines both its mobility and its stability.
more mobile = less stable
11. 9-11
Structural
Classification of Joints
A fibrous joint occurs where bones are held together
by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue.
A cartilaginous joint occurs where bones are joined
by cartilage.
A synovial joint
has a fluid-filled synovial cavity
bones are enclosed within a capsule
bones are joined by various ligaments
12. 9-12
Classification of Joints
Functionally based on the extent of movement they
permit:
Synarthrosis is an immovable joint.
Amphiarthrosis is a slightly movable joint.
Diarthrosis is a freely movable joint.
13. 9-13
Fibrous Joints
Union is due to dense fibrous tissue.
Most are immovable or only slightly
movable.
Have no joint cavity.
Three types.
Gomphosis
sutures
syndesmosis
15. Sutures
Joints of skull bone
Fixed
Affected by sutural ligaments
Sites of active bone growth
Process of obliteration of sutures is
called synostosis.
9-15
16. Gomphosis
(peg & socket joints)
Fibrous joints in which teeth fit into their
sockets.
Periodontal ligament connects the tooth
with socket or alveolus.
9-16
17. Varieties of sutures.
Depends on shape of articulating surfaces and mode
of fusion of articulating bones.
Serrate sutures (sagittal suture).
Denticulate suture (lambdoid suture).
Squamous Plane sutures (temporo parietal suture).
Limbus suture
Plane sutures ( inter palantine suture).
Wedge and groove suture(vomero sphenoid suture)
9-17
18. 9-18
Cartilaginous Joints
Bones are attached to each other by cartilage.
Lack a joint cavity.
Two types.
Primary cartilaginous joint or synchondrosis
Symphyses, secondary cartilaginous joints.
21. 9-21
Synovial Joints
Freely movable articulations
Classified as diarthroses
Bones are separated by a space called a joint
cavity
Most of the commonly known joints in the
body
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
temporomandibular joint
elbow joint
knee joint
24. 9-24
General Anatomy of Synovial
Joints – Accessory Structures
Bursae
fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is
lined by a synovial membrane
Fatpads
often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint
act as packing material and provide some protection for the
joint
fill the spaces that form when bones move and the joint
cavity changes shape
Tendons
attaches a muscle to a bone
help to stabilize joints
26. STRUCTURES COMPRISING A
SYNOVIAL JOINT
• ARTICULAR BONY SURFACES:
• THE CONTIGUOUS BONY SURFACES, WHICH ARE TAKING
PART IN THE FORMATION OF A JOINT, ARE CALLED ARTICULAR
BONY SURFACES. THESE SURFACES ARE NOT IN CONTINUITY
WITH EACH OTHER BUT ARE RATHER WELL ADAPTED TO
EACH OTHER.
• EACH BONY ARTICULAR SURFACE IS COVERED BY BLUISH-
WHITE ARTICULAR-WHICH IS AVASCULAR, ANERVOUS AND
DEVOID OF PERICHONDRIUM.
• IT DERIVES ITS NUTRITION BY DIFFUSION FROM THREE
SOURCES:
• SYNOVIAL FLUID.
• EPIPHYSEAL VESSELS.
• SYNOVIAL VESSELS (CIRCULUS VASCULOSUS ARTICULI)
26
28. JOINT CAVITY (SYNOVIAL CAVITY)
• EVERY SYNOVIAL JOINT HAS A
SPECIAL CAVITY LINED BY SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE. THIS CAVITY IS NOT AN
EMPTY SPACE, BUT IS FILLED WITH A
LUBRICATING FLUID CALLED
SYNOVIAL FLUID.
28
29. ARTICULAR CAPSULE AND ITS
THICKENINGS (CAPSULAR LIGAMENTS)
• EACH JOINT IS SURROUNDED BY A TUBULAR DENSE
FIBROUS CAPSULE, WHICH IS ATTACHED TO THE ARTICULAR
LINES OF THE PARTICIPATING BONES.
• EXAMPLES
– EPIPHYSEAL LINE OF HEAD OF FEMUR IS COMPLETELY
INTRACAPSULAR.
– EPIPHYSEAL LINE OF LOWER END OF FEMUR IS
COMPLETELY EXTRA CAPSULAR.
– EPIPHYSEAL LINE OF UPPER END PARTLY EXTRA
CAPSULAR.
29
36. 9-36
Types of Synovial Joints
Classified by the shapes of their articulating surfaces
Types of movement they allow
uniaxial if the bone moves in just one plane
biaxial if the bone moves in two planes
multiaxial (or triaxial) if the bone moves in multiple
planes
37. 9-37
Types of Synovial Joints
From least movable to most freely movable, the six
specific types of synovial joints are:
Plane (gliding) joints intercarpal joint.
hinge joints Elbow joint.
pivot joints ,atlanto axial ,proximal radio ulnar joint
condyloid (ellipsoid) joints , knee
joint,metacarpophalangeal joint.
saddle joints.ankle joint,carpometacarpal joint.
ball-and-socket joints.shoulder joint ,hip joint.
42. MOVEMENTS OF THE SYNOVIAL
JOINTS
THE MOVEMENTS PERMITTED AT A JOINT (e.g.,
SYNOVIAL) ARE OF FOLLOWING TYPES:-
GLIDING.
ANGULAR.
ROTATION.
CIRCUMDUCTION.
MISCELLANEOUS.
9-42
43. I.GLIDING MOVEMENTS
IT IS THE SIMPLEST KIND OF MOVEMENTS IN
WHICH ONE SURFACE CRAWLS OVER THE
OTHER WITHOUT ANY ANGULAR OR ROTATORY
MOVEMENTS.
EXAMPLES:
INTER CARPAL JOINTS
INTER TARSAL JOINTS (ONLY GLIDING IS
POSSIBLE)
MANY SYNOVIAL JOINTS
9-43
44. II.ANGULAR MOVEMENTS
IT IMPLIES DECREASE OR INCREASE IN
ANGLE BETWEEN THE ADJOINING
BONES.
THE ANGULAR MOVEMENTS ARE OF
FOUR TYPES:
A) FLEXION
B) EXTENSION
C) ADDUCTION
D) ABDUCTION
9-44
62. 9-62
Arthritis
A group of inflammatory or degenerative
diseases of joints that occur in various forms.
swelling of the joint
pain
stiffness
Most prevalent crippling disease in the United
States.
gouty arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis