The document discusses different methods of data collection through observation. It defines observation as the systematic watching of subjects with specific objectives. Some key points covered include: - Observation involves carefully looking and listening to gather specific information about behaviors. - Data can be collected through primary sources like natural environment observation or secondary sources. - Techniques include taking notes, photos, maps, and schedules. Guidelines are provided for conducting observations. - Participant observation requires the researcher's active involvement while non-participant observation is more covert. - Observations can be structured with predetermined aspects to observe or unstructured to explore without controls.

1. Welcome to All

2. The Content is
Observation Method

3. Presented by-
Khan Md. Mainul Hoque
Training Specialist
National Academy for Educational Management(NAEM)
Ministry of Education
Bangladesh

5. Observation involves looking and listening
very carefully. We all watch other people
sometimes, but we don’t usually watch
them in order to discover particular
information about their behavior. This is
what observation in social science.

6. Definition
 One of the method of data collection is
observation. Observation is a systematic
watching with a view to specific
objectives.
 According to P.V Young “Observation
may be defined as systematic viewing
coupled with consideration of the seen
phenomena.”

7.  Data are collected from two sources
(a) Primary
(b) Secondary

8. Methods of Data Collection
1. Observation Method
2. Questionnaire
3. Interview
4.Interview Schedule

9. Merits of Observation:
The behavior of human being is exactly
observed
The people who cannot speak (Deaf &
children)
Few groups are available they don’t wish
to disclose their own affairs
Observation is needed for knowing the
religious and social function

10. Demerits of Observation:
Language barrier
Cultural barrier
Risks involved
Researchers are needed to wait for the
incident or behavior
Observation mainly depends on the
duration

11. Con..
Data collection is difficult for private
matters
Peoples opinion thinking, planning cannot
be observed.

12. Observation will be treated as
scientific method-when
It will be used with the purpose of a
research
It is planned in a systematic way
Observed data will be coded in a
systematic way
Observation might be controlled for
measuring reliability or validity of data

13. Techniques of Observation:
Taking Note: What observed that should
be in written form
Taking photograph: Picture can give more
information
Preparing Map: Observed people are
living in which area
Schedule: What should be observed that
have a specific limit.

14. Guide to doing observation
Do the observation-
Make sure you are properly prepare with
pen, paper and clear idea of what you are
looking for
 Make sure that you make the notes as
the observation is occurring or immediately
afterwards-you don’t want to forget what
happened

15. Con..
Look and listen very carefully
Remember not try to influence behavior of
the people you are observing. So be
careful how you take notes

17. Possible answer
 Data collection through natural
environment
 What role people play in different
situation that is observed
 Actual data can be perceived
 Through this method it is possible to
collect data on social life

18. Some subjects what should be careful
1.What the researcher wish to observe
2.How does he write the data
3.What special measure should be taken
for right observation
4. What should be relationship between
the observer and the groups

19. Types of observation based on
participation
1.Participant observation
2.Non-Participant observation

20. Participant observation
When the researchers participate for
collecting data.
Participant observation is a structured
type of research strategy. It is a widely
used methodology in many disciplines,
particularly, cultural anthropology

21. Con..
Its aim is to gain a close and intimate
familiarity with a given group of individuals
(such as a religious, occupational, or sub
cultural group, or a particular community)
and their practices through an intensive
involvement with people in their cultural
environment,

22. Participant Observation
Observer participates actively, for an
extended period of time
May require observer to live or work in
that area
Assumes that observer will become
accepted member of the group or
community
Historically field research has been
associated most strongly with participant
observation.

23. Non Participant Observation
Observer is an spy
Someone who attempts to observe people
without interacting with them
Without their knowledge that they are
being observed
Used most routinely by psychologists
studying children and animals.

24. Guide to doing observation
If you are doing participant observation
you will have to decide whether to
“Remain hidden”-not tell anyone that you
are observing them
“Be Open”-Tell people that you are
observing them

25. Research Title
Housing Pattern of the Tribal People of
Bangladesh

26. Research Title
“Classroom Management Practice of
Secondary Schools of Rural Bangladesh “

27. Class room observation check list
Teachers Name: Class: Subject:
School:
Class structure Could improve Acceptable Excellent Nobserved
Review previous days course content
Gives ovrviews of days course
Content
Summarize course content covered
Directs students preparation for
next class
Comments

28. Con..
Methods
 Provide well designed materials
 Employs non lecture learning
 activities (small group
 discussion, student led activities)
 Invite class discussion
 Deliver well planned-lecture
Comments

29. Con..
 Solicit student input
 Involve varieties of students
 Special attention to the
special need students
Comments

30. Types of observation based on the field of
inquiry
1.Controlled observation
2. Non-controlled observation
Controlled observation : Create an artificial
environment and observe the human
behaviour.Peoples behaviour are not controlled
but the environment is controlled.
Non controlled observation: Peoples
behaviour are observed without creating any
artificial environment

31. Unstructured observation
Actively participate by the researchers. Staying
with the observed group or people for a specific
period of time. The researchers mix with the
group or the people and collect data .
Merits:
1.Actual data collection is possible
Demerits
1.Time consuming
2. Biasness might be occurred.

32. Early phase of the research
May become specific to when and where
to observe, what specific aspects of the
setting or behavior to observe, and how to
make and record observations.

33. How to do unstructured observation
Take a notebook and pen
Note down when you see something
interesting.
Write down theories as you form them.
Don’t jump to conclusions straight away.
Look for more evidence.
Ask people to confirm things

34. Structure Observation
 Objectives and scope of the research are
pre designed. In structure observation the
researchers are more conscious about
their observation. What should be
observed that is predetermined.

35. Structured Observation
Greater control of sampling
Measurement of error
Permits stronger generalizations and checks
on reliability and validity
This is more like a survey, where every respondent
is asked the same set of questions. But in this case,
questions are not asked. Instead, particular types of
behavior are looked for and counted