7. theory of human needs had three
assumptions:
Human needs are never completely
satisfied.
Human behavior is purposeful and is
motivated by the need for satisfaction.
Needs can be classified according to a
hierarchical structure of importance from
the lowest to highest.
8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization
Esteem(appreciation)
Social need
Safety
Physiological
9. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
MOST NEEDS HAVE TO DO WITH
SURVIVAL PHYSICALLY AND
PSYCHOLOGICALLY
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
10. Physical needs
What did Maslow
mean by physical
Food needs?
Water
What physical needs
Air
do every person
Shelter have?
Clothing
These are essential for good health and well-being, and for
continuation of life.
11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ON THE WHOLE AN INDIVIDUAL
CANNOT SATISFY ANY LEVEL
UNLESS NEEDS BELOW ARE
SATISFIED
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
12. Safety and Security Needs
Staying well, avoiding being ill
Avoiding danger or
Safe circumstances
Stability
13. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
SOCIAL NEED
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
14. Social needs
Friends, family,affectionate relationships in
general, even a sense of community
15. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
ESTEEM NEEDS
SOCIAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
16. The Esteem needs
Self-esteem
– The need for the respect from others, the need
for
status, fame, recognition, attention, reputation,
appreciation, even dominance.
Individual level
– Confidence, competence, dignity,achievement,
independence and freedom
17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
FOR
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
MASLOW EMPHASIZES NEED FOR SELF
ACTUALIZATION IS
A HEALTHY INDIVIDUAL’S PRIME
MOTIVATION
19. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
NEED
SELF-
ACTUALIZATION
ESTEEM NEEDS
SOCIAL NEEDS
SAFETY NEEDS
PHYSIOLOGICAL OR SURVIVAL NEEDS
20. Maslow’s view on a
Self-actualized Person
Has mental stability
Fully explore talents
Motivated by values
21. Implications for Management
Physiological needs: Provide lunch
breaks, rest breaks, and wages that are
sufficient to purchase the essentials of life.
Safety Needs: Provide a safe working
environment and job security.
Social Needs: Create a sense of community
via team-based projects and social events.
22. Esteem Needs: Recognize achievements to
make employees feel appreciated and
valued. Offer job titles that convey the
importance of the position.
Self-Actualization: Provide employees a
challenge and the opportunity to reach their
full career potential with value based
approach.
23. Limitations of Maslow's Hierarchy
There is evidence that contradicts the order
of needs specified by the model. For
example, some cultures appear to place
social needs before any others
There is little evidence to suggest that
people are motivated to satisfy only one
need level at a time, except in situations
where there is a conflict between needs.
24. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
General Organizational
Examples Examples
Self-
Self-
Actualization
Actualization Challenging
Self-Fulfillment Job
Needs
Needs
Status Esteem Needs
Esteem Needs Job Title
Family, Friendly work
Friendship Social Needs
Social Needs environment
Stability Security Needs
Security Needs Job security
Food,
Shelter Physiological Needs
Physiological Needs
Salary
25. Theory X and Theory Y: Douglas
McGregor
Douglas McGregor (1906-1964)
– To understand human behavior, one must discover
the theoretical assumptions upon which behavior is
based
– Especially interested in the behavior of managers
toward workers
– “Every managerial act rests on
assumptions, generalizations, and hypotheses-
– Theory X -
– Theory Y -
– FOCUS: Manager’s assumptions about HUMAN
NATURE
26. McGregor’s Beliefs
Employees are not machine parts to be
fixed, redesigned, or eliminated
They are individual people in all of
their complexity
27. McGregor’s Contribution to
Management Theory
Theory X assumptions
The average person dislikes work and will
avoid it
Most people must be controlled
People avoid responsibility and have little
ambition
28. McGregor’s Contribution to
Management Theory
Theory Y assumptions
Physical and mental work effort are natural
Commitment is a function of proper rewards
People learn to seek responsibility
People have the ability to creatively solve
organizational problems
Employees need the freedom to utilize their potential
29. Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X Theory Y
Avoid
Work is Natural
Work
Must be Self-
Controlled Direction
Avoid Seek
Responsibility Responsibility
Good Decisions,
Seek Security creativity
30. Theory X... management through:
force
tight controls
threats
punishments
31. Theory Y... management through:
open systems
communication
self-managing teams
