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Kleanthis Sotiriou,[object Object],J.Habermas and the Public Sphere,[object Object]
A few words about J.Habermas ,[object Object],Jürgen Habermas was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 1929.,[object Object],He had served in the Hitler Youth and had been sent to defend the western front during the final months of the war.,[object Object],Habermas' entrance onto the intellectual scene began in the 1950's with an influential critique of Martin Heidegger's philosophy.,[object Object]
A few words about J.Habermas ,[object Object],He studied philosophy at Universities in Göttingen and Bonn, which he followed with studies in philosophy and sociology at the Institute for Social Research under Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno.,[object Object],In the 1960's and 70's he taught at the University of Heidelberg and Frankfurt am Main. He then accepted a directorship at the Max Planck Institute in Starnberg in 1971. In 1980 he won the Adorno Prize, and two years later he took a professorship at the University of Frankfurt, remaining there until his retirement in 1994.,[object Object]
The Public sphere,[object Object],Public Sphere = Public Opinion,[object Object],The realm of our social life from which ‘Public Opinion Emerge’.,[object Object],Civic space in which private citizens could meet to discuss matters of political importance.,[object Object]
Conditions for the Public Sphere,[object Object],Free from the influences of :,[object Object],-The market Place,[object Object],-The State,[object Object],-The Family,[object Object],Public Sphere = Public Opinion,[object Object],‘The critical state of democracy can be measured by taking the pulse of the life of its political public sphere’(Habermas,2004),[object Object]
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere,[object Object],Habermas made a distinction between lifeworld and system. The public sphere is an extension of the lifeworld in many respects; system refers to the market economy and the state apparatus. ,[object Object],The lifeworld is the immediate milieu of the individual social actor, and Habermas opposed any analysis which uncoupled the interdependence of the lifeworld and the system in the negotiation of political power. ,[object Object]
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere,[object Object],A public sphere began to emerge in the 18th C. through the growth of coffee houses, literary and other societies, voluntary associations, and the growth of the press. ,[object Object],In their efforts to discipline the state, parliament and other agencies of representative government sought to manage this public sphere. ,[object Object]
The success of the public sphere depends upon:,[object Object],the extent of access (as close to universal as possible), ,[object Object],the degree of autonomy (the citizens must be free of coercion), ,[object Object],the rejection of hierarchy (so that each might participate on an equal footing), ,[object Object],the rule of law (particularly the subordination of the state), ,[object Object],and the quality of participation (the common commitment to the ways of logic). ,[object Object]
Public Sphere,[object Object],Now, we have a re-feudalised public sphere (i.e. left with the mass media and its power relations),[object Object],No independence-corrupted by :,[object Object],Ownership and control of the media industry,[object Object],Advertising revenues,[object Object],Public relations and ‘spin culture’,[object Object]
Types of news Coverage,[object Object],There is a greater emphasis on evaluation and comment when an issue falls within the remit of a public sphere,[object Object],-i.e. On matters in which the public should be informed, the press serves as a means by which important issues are highlighted.,[object Object]
Public and Private	,[object Object],The public and Private spheres are featured as dual environments of a common lifeworld which are symbolically reproduced through everyday communication for the purposes of cultural reproduction, social integration, and socialization. (Habermas,1984 :1987)                                                                                              ,[object Object]
The role of Mass Media	,[object Object],“Habermas is still suspicious of the role of mass media insofar as these institutions may be used with the intention to control public opinion and legitimate government policy.”,[object Object],                                      (G.Thomas Goodnight p 251,p 3),[object Object]
Conclusion	,[object Object],In my opinion at the present time there are many ways which Public sphere can be spread (not just the coffee houses).Social media tools such as : Facebook, MySpace, etc are the most effective ways which emerge in public sphere.,[object Object],Habermas theory of “rationalization” is still effective according to my belief by taking the public unprepared so they would not have time to processes that kind of information.,[object Object]
References :,[object Object],http://www.egs.edu/library/juergen-habermas/biography/access 10.2.2011 ,[object Object],http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/habermas/access 10.2.2011 ,[object Object],https://www.msu.edu/~robins11/habermas/main.html access 10.2.2011 ,[object Object],http://publicsphere.ssrc.org/guide/ access 10.2.2011 ,[object Object],www.katelundy.com.au/category/campaigns/publicsphere/ access 12.2.2011 ,[object Object],www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/public/summary.html access 12.2.2011 ,[object Object],Habermas, Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a category of Bourgeois Society. Trans. Thomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991.,[object Object],"Further Reflections on the Public Sphere. In Habermas and the Public Sphere. Ed. Craig Calhoun. Trans. Thomas Burger. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992.,[object Object]

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