This presentation contains basics of Fire, Technical terminologies related to fire, Causes of fire and Effects of fire, General Requirements of Fire Resisting building as per IS and NBC 2005,Characteristics of Fire resisting materials, Fire Fighting Installations for Horizontal Exit, Roof Exit / Fire Lifts, External Stairs ect...This presentation is useful to Civil Engineers, Fire Fighting Engineering Students and Faculty members to convey Lecture on Fire Protection.

1. 12/23/2016
1
Sub.: BUILDING SERVICES (3360604)
UNIT -VI
Prepared By:
K.R.THANKI
(BE Civil)
LECTURER CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT POLY TECHNIC ,
JUNAGADH,GUJARAT-INDIA.

2. CONTENTS:
Introduction
Causes of fire and Effects of fire
General Requirements of Fire Resisting building as
per IS and NBC 2005
Characteristics of Fire resisting materials
Fire Fighting Installations for Horizontal Exit, Roof Exit /
Fire Lifts, External Stairs

3. The Fire Triangle:
Three elements - fuel,
oxygen and heat - are
required to start a fire.
The oxidation process
will not be possible
without any one of these
elements.
Fuel (Fire Load)
Oxygen (Ventilation) Heat (Ignition)
Fire is a rapid oxidation process
accompanied by the evolution
of heat, light, flame and the
emission of sound.
Definition and Causes of Fire
2
Introduction

4. What is Fire ?
Fire is a chemical reaction called combustion resulting in the release
of heat and light.
To initiate and maintain this chemical reaction, there are three factors
which must be present at the same time in order for a fire to occur.
They are the following;
Fuel  Combustion substance either solid, liquid or gas.
Oxygen  Air containing approx. 21% oxygen.
Heat  The attainment of a certain temperature (a fire
normally maintains its own heat supply).

5. FIRE HAZARDS / SOURCES
• Short Circuits (faulty electrical wires and
switchboards)
• Naked Lights
• Explosive and fire works
• Unmindful Smoking
• Radiation
• Mechanical heat & spark

6. Aims in
Fire Safety Design
A To prevent fire
B To safeguard the lives of
occupants and firefighters
C To reduce damage on the
building, its contents, and on
surrounding buildings

7. Basic
Principles for design
1 Fire Avoidance
2 Fire Detection
3 Fire Growth Restriction
4 Fire Containment
5 Fire Control
6 Smoke Control
7 Escape Provisions

8. 1.4 FIRE CLASSIFICATION
There are four main classes for fire:
A - B - C - D
These classifications depend on the nature of the material which is
burning.

9. Class A  Solid materials: free burning combustibles such as wood,
paper, fabric, plastic, etc...

10. Class B  Flammable liquids: oils, petrol, alcohol, greases,
paint, varnishes, etc.

11. Class C  Flammable gases: propane, butane, acetylene, etc…

12. Class D  Combustible metals: magnesium, titanium, zirconium,
aluminium powder, lithium, pothasium for which
special consideration has to be given to the method of
application, appliance and extinguisher media.

13. Class E  Electrical Fire: normally is produced by the heat
generated by a short circuit or an electrical
socket overcharged.

15. FIRE FIGHTING:FIRE EXTINGUISHER
• FIRE EXTINGUISHER SHOULD BE INSTALLED AS
PER THE INDIAN STANDARDS CODE(IS:2190-
1971)
• PORTABLE EXTINGUISHERS ARE FITTED AT
VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN THE COMMON AREA
TO FIGHT DIFFERENT TYPES OF FIRE:
• DRY POWDER TYPE :IS:2171-1962
• FIRE BUCKETS :AS PER ISI
• CARBON DI OXIDE: IS:2878/1976
• WATER CARBONDI OXIDE: IS:940/1976
• MECH FOAM TYPE: IS:10204

16. FIRE DETECTION &
FIGHTING SYSTEM
• IT INCLUDES THE SMOKE DETECTION AND
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM ACCORDING TO THE
INDIAN STANDARDS AND NATIONAL
ELECTRICAL CODE
• IS-2175 : HEAT SENSITIVE FIRE DETECTORS FOR USE
IN AUTOMATIC FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
• IS-2189 : CODE OF PRACTICE FOR
SELECTION,INSTALLATION AND MAINTAINENCE OF
AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM
• IS-11360 : FOR SMOKE DETECTORS USED IN
AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
• BS-5839 : FOR MANUAL CALL POINTS

17. Other equipment and materials that we use
to fight fires include:
• Fire hoses(63mm/IS-636)
• Buckets of water
• Sprinkler systems
• Fire blankets and
• Sand in buckets

18. SAFE WORK PRACTICES
Workers can significantly reduce
fire hazards by following some
basic precautions:
• Ground all electrical equipment and
the workpiece.
• Use the correct cable size.
• Make sure all electrical connections
are tight, clean, and dry.
• Keep dry.
• Keep cables and connectors in good
condition.

19.  Keep the eletronic wires/devices
away from children


20. • Miscellaneous Requirements
– For automotive and industrial shops, at
the end of the work day or as
necessary:
• Clean all work areas of oil to prevent buildup
• Return all oils and flammables to their proper
storage cabinet/area
• Turn off all power equipment or unplug
• Turn off all fuel valves and power to such
systems

21. BASIC DRAW-BACKS OF FIRE
FIGHTING IN INDIA
• 70% of India, mostly rural and semi urban areas,
not covered by fire fighting.
• Almost total dependence on Govt to provide fire
fighting services.
• Fire Fighting subject does not come under Centre
or State but under the Local Govt, like Municipal
Corporation jurisdiction. Local Govt, invariably
short of funds and hence little allocation for fire
fighting.
• High rise buildings of earlier vintage do not have
requisite fire safety norms.
• Fire & Emergency Services not empowered to
carry out checks of violations to safety norms.
• Shortage of manpower & modern fire fighting
equipment with Fire & Emergency Services.

22. #1 HAVING AN UNMARKED OR NON-VISIBLE
STREET ADDRESS ON THE FRONT OF YOUR
BUILDING
Assume that there being an
emergency in your building
and the authorities and aid
couldn't find it because
they can't make out if they
have the right address!

23. #2 EXIT DOOR(S) ARE DIFFICULT TO OPEN FROM
INSIDE
Imagine if one were to
break out and your
occupants had to hastily
remember a secret
password to exit, or worse,
they couldn't unlock the
door.

24. #3EMERGENCY LIGHTING AREN'T WORKING
PROPERLY FOR NORMAL, EMERGENCY OR BOTH
MODES

25. #4ELECTRICAL OUTLETS, CIRCUIT BREAKERS PANELS
AND JUNCTION BOXES THAT ARE UNCOVERED.
NEEDS APPROPRIATE COVER PLATE AND HAVE
CLEAR ACCESS TO PANELS.
#5USING EXTENSION CORDS FOR PERMANENT
PURPOSES.

26. #6 NOT NAVING FIRE EXTINGUISHERS VISIBLE,
OPERABLE OR PRESENT
One way to make a routine
fire inspection last longer
than it should, if by having
inoperable equipment. If
one unit isn't working, this
will prompt the inspector to
test all of them.

27. #7 HAVING AN UNSERVICED FIRE SPRINKLER
SYSTEM
Fire Sprinkler System Must
be serviced every 5 years by
licensed fire protection
official. This could be a
liability both for fire
inspection and insurance
wise.

28. #8 COMMERCIAL COOKING OPERATION AREA
THAT HASN'T BEEN FIRE SUPPRESSION SERVICED
EVERY SIX MONTHS.
#9 HAZARDOUS MATERIAL (CHEMICALS,
GASSES, SOLIDS) THAT AREN'T SAFELY STORED
OR ARE STORED WITHOUT A PERMIT.

29. Now we know that you wouldn't store any combustible
materials by the doors or exit - would you?
Be sure that you're up to code in enough time before
THAT time.

30. INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLAN
Must include:
1. Identification of the significant fire hazard
2. Procedures for recognizing and reporting
unsafe conditions
3. Alarm procedures

31. INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLAN
Must include:
4. Procedures for notifying employees of a fire
emergency
5. Procedures for notifying fire response
organizations of a fire emergency
6. Procedures for evacuation

32. INFORMATION IN FIRE SAFETY PLAN
Must include:
7. Procedures to account for all employees after
an evacuation
8. Names, job titles, or departments for
individuals who can be contacted for further
information about the plan.

33. FIRE CONTROL METHOD

34. METHOD
The methods used to extinguish a fire, once
started, fall into two classes:
1. deprive the fire of oxygen and
2. cool the fire below the ignition temperature
3. Most fire extinguishers operate by excluding
oxygen from the site of combustion

35. CONTAIN OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
1. Portable fire extinguishers contain CO2
2. dry chemical extinguishers contain nitrogen
3. water and foam extinguishers typically use
air

36. TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A small, disposable sodium bicarbonate
dry chemical unit intended for home
kitchen use
A typical dry chemical extinguisher
containing 5 lbs. of ammonium phosphate
dry chemical.

37. TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHER
A 20lb.U.S.Navy cartridge-operated
purple-K dry chemical (potassium
bicarbonate) extinguisher

38. TYPES OF DRY CHEMICAL
• Powder
• Powder based agent that extinguishes by
separating the four parts of the fire tetrahedron.
• It prevents the chemical reaction between heat,
fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire
sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the
fire.

39. TYPES OF DRY CHEMICAL
• Foam
• Foams are sprayed on fires to exclude air. The
foam is generated in the extinguisher using
water and a foaming agent.
• The most type in portable foam extinguisher
is aqueous film forming foam.

40. TYPES OF DRY CHEMICAL
• Water
• Air pressurized water cool burning material by
absorbing heat. (cool burning material)
• Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break
up a stream of deionized water to the point of
not conducting electricity back to the
operator

41. TYPES OF WET CHEMICAL
• Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its
freezing point to about −40 °F. Has no
appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
• Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or
citrate) extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy
foam blanket over the burning oil and by cooling
the oil below its ignition temperature.

42. CO2 AND CLEAN AGENT
• Such extinguishers spray a cloud of CO2 particles,
which convert to gas and blanket the area,
excluding oxygen
• Other systems to exclude oxygen use nitrogen
gas or Freon.
• CO2, a clean gaseous agent which displaces
oxygen. the high-pressure cloud of gas can
scatter burning materials

43. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM

44. Fire Fighting
System
External Fire
Fighting
Pillar or Post
Fire Hydrants
Flush
Hydrants
Internal Fire
Fighting

45. External Fire Fighting System
Arrangement for providing Combined Fire Fighting and
Domestic Water Storage Tank

46. Pillar or Post Fire Hydrants

47. Flush Hydrants

48. Internal Fire Fighting
Residential Premises
Fire Protection System
• Fire Hose system
• Automatic Sprinkler
system
• Portable Fire
extinguishers
• Fire Alarm system
Industrial Fire Fighting
System
• High velocity water
spray
• Foam system
• Dry Chemical Powder
• Carbon dioxide
• Fire alarm system

49. K.R.THANKI
(BE Civil)
THANK YOU………
FOR ANY OTHER INFORMATION CONTECT ME TO
Email : thankikrunal@yahoo.co.in