A CAPS-based slide show on the Earth and Beyond Module for grade 9's. The focus is on recapping the different spheres of the earth, looking at the Lithosphere, and discussing the rock cycle, ores and minerals. Text comes from the DocScientia Workbooks for grade 9's.

1. The Earth as a system
Twitter: @LilyKotze

3. Wind and water
weather rocks to
form soil.
Most living animals
and plants live and
grow on the surface
of the earth.
Water flows
over the ground.
Soil erosion
causes more soil
particles in the
water run-off.
Birds fly through the air. Most
living plants and animals
depend on air from the
atmosphere to live.
Humidity is moisture
In the air.
Precipitates: water
move through the
atmosphere as
part of the water
cycle.
Living plants and
animals need water.
Some plants and animals live
in the water.

4. The Lithosphere

5. What is the atmosphere
What is the Lithosphere?
means ‘rocks’

6. The Lithosphere
Consists of the solid upper mantle and the crust.
About 5 – 80 km deep.
Thin layer on top is the soil,
on average only a few meters deep.
Mixture of weathered rocks and minerals.
Organic substances derived from decayed
plant material and animal waste.

7. An important part of the soil is
living matter.
Plants that grow in the soil require nutrients
…

8. The crust is divided into plates that
contain the continents and oceans.

9. The crust contains our non-renewable fossil fuels
and valuable minerals.

10. The rock cycle

11. The rock cycle
isthenatural
continuousprocess
in which rocks form,
are broken down
and re-form
overlongperiodsoftime.
Definition

13. 1
Magma is pushed to the
surface by volcanoes.
Once the magma reaches the surface,
it is called LAVA.

14. 2
Pools of magma cool down slowly in the
crust to form igneous rocks.

16. 3
Hot, molten lava cool down fast and form
volcanic rocks.

17. Smaller crystals form through fast cooling
– such as pumice.

18. 4

19. 5
Wind and water and/or ice transport
these particles to floodplains and the
sea by erosion.

20. 6
The pressure of many layers changes the
bottom layers into sediments.

21. 7

22. 8

23. Types of rock
Igneous MetamorphicSedimentary

24. Igneous Rock
• Forms from molten
rock.
• Properties:
– Crystalline
– Difficult to break

25. Sedimentary Rock
• Forms from
sediment particles
that are deposited
by water, wind or
ice.
• Formed under great
pressure – no heat is
involved.
• Properties:
– Found in layers
– Often contains fossils

26. Metamorphic Rock
• Rock that started as
igneous or
sedimentary.
• Forms due to
immense heat
and/or pressure of
the earth’s crust.
• Properties:
– Crystalline
– Compressed
structure

28. A mineral
Definition
is a natural solid
with a definite chemical
composition.
Itoccursascrystals
and has a
specific
structure.

29. Ores
Definition
are rocks that
like precious stones
and metals

30. Reactivityofmetals
Ore
Bauxite
Sphalerite
Hematite /
Magnetite
Cassiterite
Copper
pyrite
-

31. • Title slide: http://rumrejsen.dk/sites/default/files/Swarm_constellation.jpg
• Slide 2: http://72.167.47.63/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Earth_Home.jpg
• Slide 3: http://bcgeography.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/5/0/17509433/1201061_orig.jpg?171 and
http://esseacourses.strategies.org/images/k4introESS_clip_image006.png
• Slide 4: http://i1.trekearth.com/photos/106489/cliffs_of_dover.jpg
• Slide 5: http://rev.seis.sc.edu/images/mantle.gif
• Slide 6: http://www.phschool.com/iText/sci_exp/ebook/products/0-13-181243-2/sx5250a3.gif
• Slide 7: http://i.huffpost.com/gen/1415057/images/o-SOIL-facebook.jpg, http://www.geek.com/wp-
content/uploads/2014/02/soap2.jpg,
http://40.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_m5w0h9VRvM1qg1up7o1_540.jpg,
http://www.microbiologyonline.org.uk/themed/sgm/img/slideshows/3.1.4_fungi_3.png
• Slide 8: https://gaia3dblog.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/tectonic-plates.jpg,
GIF: https://gfsgeog.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/usgs1.gif
• Slide 9: http://s3.amazonaws.com/kidzworld_photo/images/20141114/bbe09640-e8d3-4306-b25d-
19bf2e4a4134/feature_fossil-fuels-feat.jpg
• Slide 10: http://33.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lbinorJPf21qa99y6o1_500.gif
• Slide 12: http://opentextbc.ca/geology/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2015/06/The-rock-cycle.png
• Slide 13: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02055/PD48881253_Congo-V_2055600b.jpg
• Slide 14: https://encrypted-
tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTlyzyC_syRIOsD25dt0bsNFFMCDCYIPGOucnWR_OeXP1MlU0w9I
Q
• Slide 15: https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4108/4846895100_357f3c8110_b.jpg
• Slide 16: http://media0.giphy.com/media/8FE4N1m4w9MkM/giphy.gif
• Slide 17: http://www.backyardnature.net/n/11/110925pu.jpg
• Slide 18:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Tortuga_Bay_Galapagos_Island_of_Santa_Cruz.J
PG
• Slide 19:
http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/wingsoffire/images/b/ba/ENR03052012NWS_Mekong_G.jpg/revisio
n/latest?cb=20150124092415

32. • Slide 20: http://calaski.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/sedimentary_sandstone_rock.jpg
• Slide 21: http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/04/09/58/4095816_92bb8c17.jpg
• Slide 22: http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/education_and_outreach/animations/5
• Slide 23: I.R. - http://travellogs.us/2009%20Logs/South%20Dakota%202009/09-
36%20Black%20Hills%20geology/100_5520rocksppppp.JPG
S.R -
http://www.goodrichscience.com/uploads/3/1/1/2/31129331/7535836_orig.jpg
M.R - http://image2.redbull.com/rbcom/010/2015-01-
05/1331697864329_3/0012/0/0/0/4000/5999/320/3/mysterious-places-shiprock.jpg
• Slide 27:
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/polarized/gallery/images/basalttholei
iticsmall.jpg
• Slide 28: http://www.treasuremountainmining.com/catalog/images/EB0213QARK1.jpg
• Slide 29: Beryl: http://webmineral.ru/upload/5f94d847692f216d9fc559ed64af24cf.jpg
Platinum: http://marengocoins.com/category/platinum_bars1.jpg
• Slide 30: http://secondaryscience4all.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/v3reactivity-
series-of-metals.png