2. Semantics is branch of theoretical linguistics that
deals with the meaning of words and sentences. It is a
sophisticated branch of knowledge that touches on many
philosophical, psychological, linguistics, and aspects.

3. Triangle of MeaningTriangle of Meaning
In semantics, there are three distinct element:
1.The thing. It is the referred-to element, which exists
outside the mind and outside language.
2.The word. It is the symbol which refers to the thing.
3.The meaning. It is the concept or reference. It is the
image, attributes, or abstract entity.

4. Linguists, however, have shown some disagreement on the inter-
relationship among the semantic trio. There are, for example,
words that do not refer to things, such as honesty, piety, fear , and
other similar words that symbolize abstracts. In this case, only
two elements, not three, exist; word and meaning .Another issue
is the type of relationship that exists among the trio; Is the word
related directly to thing or indirectly through meaning.

5. However, when the word has already been in existence, the
lines of relationship among the trio element may take
different direction:
1.thing meaning word. You see a thing , then you remember its meaning,
and you remember its word.
2. meaning word thing. You recall a meaning, then its word ,and then
thing.
3.Word meaning thing. You hear a word, and then you remember its
meaning and then its thing.

6. Semantic fieldsSemantic fields
1.The field of continuous concretes. It is a semantic field
of words that refer to concrete things , the classification of which
is disagreed on, such as colors.
2.The field of separate concretes . It is a semantic field of
words that refer to separate concrete entities, such as the
semantic filed of plants or animals.
3.The field of abstracts. It is a field of words referring
to abstract concepts such as the semantic field of virtues, e.g. ,
honesty, courage , and loyalty.

7. Semantic field share several qualities. First, the words
pertaining to the field belong to the same morphological or syntactic
class. Second, the words of the same field are either related to concrete
or abstract referents. Third, the number of common features among the
words of the same field affects the number of member words, , i, e, the
size of the field.

8. Inter-FieldInter-Field
RelationshipsRelationships
Synonymy means similarity in meaning of two words or more.
e. g. brave/courageous , rich/wealthy.
Antonymy means against meaning.
e. g. big/small , hot/ cold

9. Inclusion a word may include another: A B but B
does not include A. For example, the first word in each
following pairs includes the other one, but not the other
way round.
e. g. fruit/apple, animal/lion.
Exclusion two words or more may be related to a field
on equal footing or manner.
e. g. sheep, cow ,horse/animal.

10. Totality the relation between words is a
whole-part relation.
.
e, g, book/cover , car/ seat , head/face.

11. Relative MeaningRelative Meaning
There are many words in all language which are relativeThere are many words in all language which are relative
in meaning. e. g. far/near . Small/large ,light/heavy. Thein meaning. e. g. far/near . Small/large ,light/heavy. The
denotation of each word differs from a person todenotation of each word differs from a person to
another . What is far to You may be near to him . Theanother . What is far to You may be near to him . The
meaning also differs from time to time which the samemeaning also differs from time to time which the same
personperson..

12. From what you understand in this lecture ,From what you understand in this lecture ,
answer this questionsanswer this questions..
11..Gave at least three semantic features forGave at least three semantic features for
each wordeach word..
A. LionA. Lion:_____________________:_____________________
B. AppleB. Apple:____________________:____________________

13. There are several ways to define wordThere are several ways to define word::
Descriptive definitionDescriptive definition..
Here, a brief or detailed description isHere, a brief or detailed description is
given . For example: the whale is largestgiven . For example: the whale is largest
marine animal which may be thirty metersmarine animal which may be thirty meters
long and five meters in diameterlong and five meters in diameter
Functional definition. The word is definedFunctional definition. The word is defined
by its functionby its function
•

14. Demonstrative definition. The word isDemonstrative definition. The word is
defined by pointing to itdefined by pointing to it
Rank definition. A word defined by showingRank definition. A word defined by showing
its position in an ordered series e. g.its position in an ordered series e. g.
Saturday comes between Friday andSaturday comes between Friday and
SundaySunday

15. Synonymous definition. The word definedSynonymous definition. The word defined
by its synonym e. g. rich means wealthyby its synonym e. g. rich means wealthy
Antonymous definition. The word defined byAntonymous definition. The word defined by
antonyms e. g. rich is the opposite of poorantonyms e. g. rich is the opposite of poor

16. 2.What is the type of the semantic relationship
of each pairs: synonymy, antonymy, inclusion,
exclusion, or totality?
Love/affection:______
Ask/answer:______
Active/lazy:______
old/young:_____
Saturday/Sunday:_____
Body/hand:______
Teacher/instructor:_______