2. PHILIPPINE
GEOGRAPHY,
CLIMATE AND
SETTING
• Land surface: 114, 830
square statute miles
• Length from north to
south: 1,854 kms.
• Width from east to
west: 1,107
• As a whole, the country
has 1,294, 450 km2
(land sea)
• 7, 107 islands
4. Topography
Three large Mountain Ranges:
1. Cordillera
2. Caraballo
3. Sierra Madre
Large River Systems:
1. Rio Grande de Cagayan
2. Agno Grande
(Benguet, N.Ecija, Pangasinan
, Tarlac)
3. Abra River (Lepanto, Bontoc
and Abra)
4. Rio Grande de Pampanga (N.
Ecija, Pampanga, Bulacan)
5. Rio Grande de Mindanao
5. Autonomous Regions
• 1. Cordillera
Administrative Region
• 2. Autonomous Region of
Muslim Mindanao
8. Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
• 1. Basilan except Isabela
City
• 2. Lanao del Sur
• 3. Maguindanao
• 4. Sulu
• 5. Tawi-Tawi
9.
10. Climate
• Habagat: southwest • Intertropical
monsoon which covers Convergent Zone: the
the weather from June meeting of the north
to October and south winds that
• Amihan: northeast resulted as a main
monsoon also known as source of rain from June
winter monsoon from to December
December to March
11. Evolution and Evidences based on
Archaeological and Anthropological Research
Prehistory: covers the • Protohistory: refers to
period where there was the period in Philippine
the formation of the history when there was
archipelago starting the beginning of the
from having the development of
material evidences in cultures from 500 BC to
the existence of man 16th century AD.
from the Pleistocene to
500 BC.
13. ERA PERIOD EPOCH TIME RANGE FORM OF LIFE
QUATERNARY Recent 10,000,000- Homo
Pleistocene 2,500,000
CENOZOIC TERTIARY Pliocene 12,000,000
Miocene 26,000,000 Grazing and
Oligocene 38,000,000 carnivorous
Eocene 54,000,000 mammals
Paleocene 65,000,000
Cretaceous 136,000,000 Primates, flowering plants
MESOZOIC Jurassic 195,000,000 Birds
Triassic 225,000,000 Mammals,
dinosaurs
PALEOZOIC CARBONIFEROUS Permian 280,000,000 Reptiles, Fern Forests
Amphibians, Insects
Devonian 395,000,000
Silurian 430,000,000 Vascular land plants
Ordovician 500,000,000 Fish
Cambrian 570,000,000 Shellfish
PRECAMBRIAN 700,000,000 Algae
1,500,000,000 Eucaryotic cells
3,500,000,000 Procaryotic cells
4,650,000,000 Formation of the
14. The Formation of the Archipelago
• Mesozoic Period
• Alfred Wegener theorized
that Philippines was part
of the large continent
called the Gondwana that
will include the Southeast
Asia, Australia, Antarctica,
Africa and South America
300 million years ago
Massospondylus carinatus, a prosauropod
from the Early Jurassic of South Africa
15. Mesozoic to Cenozoic
• Mesozoic: continental
drift resulting to
separation of some
continents at spreading of
the sea floor
• Cenozoic: emergence of
pine trees
• Rise of mountains from
the sea as also shown in
the chocolate hills in
Bohol
16. Pleistocene Period
(2.5 million years ago)
• Quaternary:
volcanoes, south
glaciers ,rich biological
resources, development
of geo physical lands
Quaternary Period
Mammoths, which rose and fell during the
Pleistocene epoch
17. Evolution of Man
Homonization Sapientization
• About 4 million years • The process of having used
ago, human being has the capacity to know,
created itself through produce and invent
knowledge and culture that instruments for survival. It
makes it distinct from was a stage of production
animals. This was the instead of mere
process of being the consumption.
sapiens.
18. Evolution…
Australopithecus
• A primate with the closest
characteristic of human
being, and existed about 4
million years ago
Australopithecus Afarensis
excavated by Leakey in 1974
in Ethiopia, estimated to
have existed about 3.1
million years ago, and her
name was Lucy
19. Homo Habilis
• Considered as first human
being existing about 1.8-1.6
million years ago that has a
brain with a size volume of
500-800 cc and used stones
in hunting
20. Homo Erectus
During his time was the height of
pebble culture
• Evidences in archaeology:
1891- Java man in Indonesia
Estimated 1.8 million-800,000
years
Peking Man – 500,000-
100,000 years ago
discovered in Beijing, China
Use of maintenance and core
tools, stone flakes
java man
22. Homo Sapiens
• Higher form of human
specie that employed
domestication
• Larger brain with
1500 cc
Body built bigger
Discover of Homo Sapiens
Neanderthalis in Germany
Neanderthal Man, Cro-Magnon Man,
estimated to have existed Modern Man
100,000-30,000 years ago
23. Homo Sapiens Sapiens
• Human specie that has a tradition
of pottery, burial jars, and
advanced domestication
24. Austronesians (10,000 BC-9,000 BC)
• Horticulture or farming • Hoabinhian – the tradition that
• Two theories of their origin: spread and brought by
• 1. Malay Peninsula to Indonesia Austronesians
then to Philippines then to Pacific
and Madagascar
• 2. Taiwan or Formosa
25. Peopling in the Philippines
• Austronesians based on • Otley Beyer – theorized
flora and fauna in 1947 the Waves of
• Linguistic similarities Migration
• Spread of farming and • Solheim – Filipino
horticulture archaeologist who
and iron technology (F. theorized that the
Landa Jocano), and country was inhabited
theorized how Filipinos through land bridges as
engaged trading with shown in the evidences
Hindu in Cagayan and Tabon
caves
26. Early Philippine Society, Economics,
Religion and Culture
• Spread of Islam in
Southern Philippines
• Mudum: the Arabian
scholar who laid the
foundation of Islam in
Malay Peninsula in 14th
century
• Raja Baginda: about 1390
he was the ruler of
Menangkabaw, Sumatra
who arrived in Sulu and
converted the place in
Islam
27. Islamic Influence…
• Abu Bakr: in 1450, after
the death of Raja
Baginda, he exercised
his powers as sultan
establishing a
government patterned
after the sultanate of
Arabia thereby allowing Second figure to the left is an image of
Abu-Bakr
the spread of Islam
28. Islamic…
• Serif Kabungsuan: he
propagated Islam, and
became the first sultan of
Mindanao
• Datu Marikudo: the
legend in Maragtas about
13yh century AD he sold
Panay Is. To the ten
Bornean datus for a gold
of salakot and long
necklace for his wife Marikudo agreed in exchange for a golden
Maniwantiwan salakot.
29. EARLY CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES
Clothing in general
• Kanggan – male upper attire
that has blue or black
collarless jacket
• Bahag – male lower atire
consisted of a strip of cloth
wrapped about a waist passing
down between the thighs
• Visayans were most tattooed
people and often called
Pintados, and their tattoo was
a sign of courage in defending
the community
• Putong: male headgear
30. Clothing
• Baro or Camisa: woman’s dress in upper section
• Saya or Patadyong: woman’s dress in the lower part
(the illustration below came from Boxer Codex)
31. Social Classes
In general: Tagalogs:
• Nobles • Maginoo
• Freemen • Timawa
• Alipin
• dependents
The Maginoo usually has a
title of a Gat or Lakan as
in Lakan Dula or Gat
Maitan
32. Tagalog Slaves
• Aliping Namamahay: served • Aliping Sagigilid: had no
his master only during property of his own, lived
harvest and planting, rowed with his master and could
for him, helped in the not even marry without the
construction of his house latter’s consent
and served his visitors
33. Causes of Slavery
• 1. punishment of a crime
• 2. prisoner of war
• 3. Inheritance
• 4. debt
34. Visayan Social Classes
Social Classes Types of slaves
• 1. datu • 1. tumatabon: worked only
• 2. timawa when summoned
• 3. oripun • 2.tumarampok: worked only
for one day
• 3. ayuey: worked for three
days
35. Socio-Political and Economic
Practices and Customs
• Barangay: basic unit of • Usually one barangay or
government consisting of tribe will have an alliance by
30-100 families means of a blood compact
(derived from a boat) • Laws could be customary or
Caracoa is a bigger boat written
- the paying of tributes was in • Umalohokan: the public
the form of crops announcer who will
summon, and call the
subjects of the datu by
ringing the bell furiously
36. Socio-political economic…
• Kaingin: system in which land
was cleared by burning the
shrubs and bushes
• Barter: type of economic
system at that time
• Alibata: early form of writing
• Type of ethnic and ecological
relations:
1. Ilawud: coastal communities
2. Iraya: highland communities
37. Trial by Ordeal
• 1. dip hands in boiling water • 3. plunging into the river
and get the stones with lances and the one
• 2. giving candles and the that came first is guilty
one that died first is guilty • 4. chew uncooked rice and
the saliva which is thickiest
is guilty
38. Religion
• Bathala: the superior gods
of all the deities
• Likha or larawan: carving of
idols made of stone, gold or
ivory to commemorate their
dead relatives
• Anito: Tagalog’s term for
idols
• Diwata: Visayan version of
idols In the beginning, Lakapáti dwelled in heaven
with her husband, Bathala
39. Spanish Chroniclers about the Early
Philippines
• Antonio Pigafetta – • Francisco Alcina – Historia
chronicler of the Magellan de las Islas de Bisayas
expedition
• Juan de Plasencia – wrote
the Customs of the Tagalogs
• Antonio de Morga – Sucesos
de las Islas Filipinas in 1609
in Mexico, annotated by
Rizal in 1890
40. General Characteristics of the
Archipelago during the Period
• 1. barangay/balangay as • 4. various context in the use
one political unit of resources and land
• 2. predominance of ownership
ecological principles • 5. collegial leadership
• 3. ethnic relations • 6. social stratification
• 7. rich tradition and
heritage
