I'd like to share a very useful presentation concerning the Radiomobile Network evolution, mainly the UMTS.

1. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Outline
l Current scene of Cellular Wireless
l 3G Technology Landscape
l Comparative Study
– Network Architecture
– Air Interface
– Network Interfaces
– End-to-End Service Flow
l Beyond 3G
l Summary

2. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Evolution of Wireless Technologies
1st Generation
(1G)
• Analog-based cellular technology
• Services
ü Voice
2nd Generation
(2G)
• Introduction of digital technologies
• Services
ü Voice
ü Low-rate data
3rd Generation
(3G)
• Next generation digital systems
• Services
ü Voice
ü High speed data services

3. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
2G Technologies
Frequency
and Code
Frequency and TimeFrequency
and Time
FrequencyChannel
Separation
IS-41GSM-MAPIS-41IS-41Network
Architecture
About 20831Users Per
Channel
800 & 1900
MHz
900 & 1800 MHz (Europe)
800 & 1900 MHz (US)
800 & 1900
MHz
800 MHzOperating
Spectrum
Frequency
CDMAGSMD-AMPSAMPS
1.25 MHz200 kHz30 kHz30 kHzChannel
Width

4. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM Network Architecture
BSC
GSM PLMN
HLR
MSC/VLR
MSC
BSS
A InterfaceBTS
SS7
PSTN

5. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
IS-95-Based 2G Network
BSC
BSC
Proprietary
VLR
HLR
AC
PSTN
IS-41
SS7
IWF
Internet
IS-634
(IOS)
MSC
CDMA
(IS-95)

6. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
2G Limitations
Capacity
Limited
roaming
capabilities
Limited
support for
packet data
Uni-service
network
Bandwidth
14.4-64
Kbps
No
multimedia

7. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G Requirements
l Radio Network requirements
– Support up to 2 Mbps data rates
– Support flexible operating environments
– High spectral efficiency/capacity
– Support multimedia services
l Core Network requirements
– Packet Data Network and IP Mobility
– Global Roaming
– Virtual Home Environment
– Quality of Service
– Interoperability with 2G Networks

8. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G Network Architecture
PS-CN
RAN
CS-CN
Internet PSTN
UIM

9. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
IP Mobility
l Ability to move with an IP address while the
connection using the IP address is active
l IP Mobility may be provided by a combination
of “RAN mobility” and “CN mobility”
l Radio Access Network IP mobility
– Handoff/handover
– Cell selection/reselection
l Core Network IP mobility
– Mobile IP, GPRS

10. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Always Connected
RAN Wireless
Core
Network
Services
e-mail
CC TV
IP
Application Logical Connection
CN Logical Connection
RAN Physical
Connection
Physical Connection
comes and goes
Logical Connections
remain intact

11. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Services Network
BTS
Packet Core
Network
RAN
Services Network
Push
Services
Location
Based
Services
Billing
Customer
Relationship
Management
CS
PS
BSC
Enterprise
Services
M Commerce
IP
Network
MSC
PDSN
PSTN
IS-41/MAP
IP Telephony Services
Gateway
Intelligent
Network
Call Server
Circuit Core
Network

12. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G Technology Landscape
GSM IS-136
D-AMPS
Voice: IS-136
Data: EDGE
GPRS/EDGE
UMTS
IS-95A / B
AMPS
Voice: GSM
Data: GPRS
UMTS ?
1G
2G
3G
2.5G
FDMA TDMA CDMA
IS-2000
(1x)
IS-2000
(3x)

13. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM à GPRS
Circuit Core Network (MSC/HLR/AuC)
Air Interface (MS, BTS)
A-Interface (BSC-MSC)
No Changes
BSC Hardware and SoftwareModification
Packet Core Network Nodes
(SGSN, GGSN)
New Interface – Gb (BSC – SGSN)
New
Summary of Changes

14. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
2.5G GSM/GPRS Networks
BSC
GPRS
PLMN
GSM PLMN
HLR
MSC/VLR
MSC
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
GGSN
Gb Interface
BSS
A Interface
IP
BTS
Intra
PLMN IP
Back boneSS7

15. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM/GPRS à UMTS
MSC and SGSN for Iu InterfaceModification
WCDMA Air Interface (UE–Node B)
RAN Interfaces
Iub (Node B – RNC), Iur (RNC – RNC)
CN Interface – Iu (MSC–RNC & SGSN–RNC)
New
Circuit Core Network (HLR/AuC)
Packet Core Network (GGSN)
No Changes
Summary of Changes

16. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Networks
W-CDMA
UTRANNode B
Node B
Iub
Node B Iub
RNC
RNC
IurUE
GGSN3G SGSN
GPRS
Inter
net
3G MSC/VLR
GSM
G-MSC
PSTN /
ISDN
Iu

17. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
IS-95 à cdma2000
Air Interface (MS – BS)
Network Interface (BS – MSC)
Modification
Packet Core Network (PDSN, AAA,
HA/FA)
New Interface (R-P) – BS - PDSN
New
Core Network Nodes (HLR, AC)No Changes
Summary of Changes

18. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Circuit Switched-CN
cdma2000 Network Architecture
HLR
BTS
MS
RAN Packet Switched-CN
BSC
PDSN/ FA HA
AC
Private IP Network
Internet
AAA Server
MSC/VLR IS-41

19. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Signaling Data User Data
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Media Access Control (MAC)
Physical Layer
Link
Layer
Physical
Layer
Upper
Layers
Radio Resource Control (RRC)L3
Transports
data over-the-air
W-CDMA Protocol Stack
Controls user
access to the
medium
Increases
reliability
UTRAN
L2
L1
Manages
Radio
Resources

20. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
cdma2000 Protocol Stack
Signaling
Traffic
Upper Layers
Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer – IS-2000.2
Medium Access Control (MAC) – IS-2000.3
Link Access Control (LAC) – IS-2000.4
Layer 3 – IS-2000.5
Packet
Data
Service
Voice
Services
Circuit
Data
Service
Signaling

21. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
CDMA Physical Layer Functions
Source ID
Separation
Downlink
BS
User
Data
Digital Coding
Techniques
Protect Data
Digital Coding
Techniques
Channelization
Code
Channel
Separation
Channelization
Code
Uplink
MS

22. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Bandwidth and spreading
3.84 Mcps
1.2288 Mcps
3 * 1.2288 or
3.6864 Mcps
Spreading
4-128 bits (1x)
4-256 bits (3x)
1.25 MHz (1x)
3.75 MHz (3x)
cdma2000
Channelization
codes
Bandwidth
4-256 bits5 MHzUMTS

23. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Air Interface Parameters (1)
Direct spread (1x)
Multi-carrier (3x forward
link)
Direct spread
configuration
Configuration
Convolutional
Turbo
(Parameters fixed in the
standard)
Convolutional
Turbo
(Parameters flexible)
Channel coding
Asynchronous
5 MHz
3.84 Mcps
UMTS
1.25 MHzBandwidth
1.2288 McpsSpreading rate
Synchronous
Synchronization
between cell sites
cdma2000

24. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Air Interface Parameters (2)
Orthogonal Transmit
Diversity
Space Time Spreading
Time Switched Transmit
Diversity
Space Time Block Coded
Transmit Diversity
Transmit
Diversity
schemes
FDD and TDD Mode
10 msec for physical layer
10,20,40 and 80 msec for
transport layer
QPSK in both directions
UMTS
5 (for signaling), 20, 40
and 80 msec physical
layer frames
Frame size
QPSK in forward
BPSK in reverse
Modulation
Only FDD ModeModes
cdma2000

25. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Channelization &
Source Identification Codes
Unique scrambling codes
assigned by sector
512 unique scrambling
codes each identifying a
sector (38,400 bits)
Orthogonal Variable
Spreading Factor (OVSF)
codes from 4-256 bits
UMTS
One PN code (32,768 bits)
512 unique offsets are
generated using PN offsets
Source
identification
code for Sector
Walsh codes (same as
OVSF) codes from 4-128
bits
Channelization
codes
One long PN code (242
bits). Unique offsets are
generated based on ESN.
Not assigned by sector
Source
identification for
mobiles
cdma2000

26. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Asynchronous Cell Operations
PNt0
PNt3
PNt4
PNt5
PNt6
PNt1
PNt2
PNt3
PNt7
S0
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S7
CDMA2000 UTRA-FDDGPS
PNt0-n - Time offset scrambling code
l Cell sites transmission and reception
are synchronized through GPS timing
l Adjacent cell sites use different time
offsets of same scrambling code for
spreading
S1-n - Scrambling codes
l Cell sites are not synchronized
l Each cell site uses a different
scrambling code for spreading

27. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Power Control
1500/sec
1500/sec
√
UMTS
800/secForward link Power control
√
Open loop Power control for
System Access
800/secReverse link Power control
cdma2000

28. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Packet data Network
Architecture
Signaling and Data Transfer Interface
Signaling Interface
Other PLMN
GGSN
UTRANMTTE GGSN PDN
EIR
SGSN
TE
Gi
Gf
Gp
Gn
Iu
UuR
SGSN
Gn
CGF
Billing
System
Ga
Ga

29. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
L2
PDCP GTP-U
UMTS protocol model
Application
E.g., IP,
PPP, OSP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
UMTS RF UMTS RF ATM
UE
Uu
UTRAN
Iu-PS
3G-SGSN
Gn
3G-GGSN
L1
RLC
MAC AAL5
UDP/IP
Gi
E.g., IP,
PPP, OSP
GTP-U
L2
UDP/IP
Relay
ATM L1
UDP/IP
GTP-U GTP-U
Relay
AAL5
UDP/IP

30. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
cdma2000 Packet Data Network
Architecture
BTS
MS
HTTP/TCP/Others
MIP: RFC 2002
PPP: RFC 1661
IS-707: CDMA
Data Services
IS-2000 AIR I/F
RADIUS
MIP: RFC 2002
BSC
PDSN
AAA
RADIUS
Server
IP
HA
Services
3GPP2:IOS
(R-P)
7
1
3
4
5
4
62

31. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Call Flow
SGSN
UE
GGSN
UTRAN
Logical
connection
between UE and
UTRAN
1. Establish RRC
Connection 2. Establish
Iu Signaling
Connection
Logical
connection UE
and SGSN
IPATM
3. Authentication
4. Attach

32. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Call Flow
SGSN
UE
GGSN
UTRAN
Request
dynamic IP
address
5. Activate PDP
Context
IPATM
6. Establish
Radio Bearer
6. Establish
Iu Bearer
6. Establish
PDP Context
7. Allocate
IP Address
Radio Bearer GTP GTP
8. PDP Response
9. UE can
now send and
receive IP
datagrams

33. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
cdma2000 call flow
MS
BSC/BTS
Service Connect and
Synchronization
Radio Channel R-P Session Link
MSC
Radio Link Setup
R-P Session
Setup
PDSN
Origination CM Service
Request
RAN Authentication
Point-to-Point Connection Setup
HA
IP
Network
Mobile IP related connection/setup (if required)
IS-41
HLR/AC

34. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Status of UMTS standards
R 4 R5
R 99
Release ’99
Voice Services
Emergency Calls
Short Message Service
Internet Access
Release 4
Optimization of UTRA
Quality of Service
Preparation for All-IP
Release 5
Open Services Architecture
All-IP Multimedia Subsystem
All-IP UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
Quality of Service
Developed by 3GPP

35. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Status of cdma2000 standards
1x/3x RTT
Proposal
IS-856
1xEV-DO (HDR)
IS-XXXX
1xEV-DV
IS-2000B
IS-95A/
IS-95B
cdmaOne
IS-2000A
IS-2000
cdma2000
Developed by 3GPP2

36. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Spectrum allocation
600 800 1200 14001000 1600 1800 2000
PCS(2G)
PlannedAuction
(10-20MHz)
Proposed
Auction
Cellular(2G)
Satellite
Satellite
Terrestrialpaired
band
Terrestrialpaired
band
Terrestrial
unpairedband
Terrestrial
unpairedband
1885 1980 2010 21702025 211019201900 2200
MHz
North America
Europe and Asia

37. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G Deployment
New Operator, New Spectrum
2G 2G
Core
Network
3G
Core
Network
2G
3G
3G
3G
Operator A Operator B
2G Operator
3G Operator
2G
Core
Network
3G
3G
3G
2G Operator, New Spectrum

38. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM → UMTS
Clear some part of the spectrum
3G Deployment
l Shared Infrastructure (Core Network, Management Systems, Billing System)
l Dual Mode phone (2G and 3G)
2G Operator, Existing Spectrum
IS-95 → cdma2000
Same Spectrum
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
1.25MHz
GSM
UMTS
IS-95
cdma2000

39. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Deployment Status
UMTS in 2002
UMTS Not
announced
2001
GPRS in trials
USA
GPRS Started
2003
Oct-2001
UMTS
SKT – Oct 2000
KTF – Dec 2000
Korea
2002Japan
Not announcedEurope
cdma2000

40. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Major Players
l UMTS (3GPP)
– Vendors
l Ericsson
l Nokia
l Nortel
l Motorola
l Alcatel, Lucent, …
– Operators
l NTTDoCoMo
l Vodafone, …
l cdma2000 (3GPP2)
– Vendors
l Qualcomm
l Lucent
l Nortel
l Motorola
l Samsung, Ericsson, …
– Operators
l Sprint PCS
l Verizon, KDDI, SKT…

41. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G and Beyond - UMTS
WCDMA (FDD)
Air Interface
TD-CDMA (TDD)
High Speed
Downlink Packet
Access (HSDPA)
MSC &
SGSN/GGSN
Network
IP to RAN
All-IP Multimedia

42. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G and Beyond – cdma2000
cdma2000 (1x)
Air Interface
cdma2000 (3x)
1x Evolution
(Data Only) –
1xEV-DO
MSC &
PDSN/AAA
Network
IP to RAN
All-IP Multimedia
1x Evolution
(Data & Voice) –
1xEV-DV

43. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Summary – Air Interface
Backward
Compatible
w/IS-95
GSM – UMTS
Handover
Interoperability
614 kbps2 MbpsPeak Data Rate
Asynchronous
3.84 Mcps
WCDMA
(5 MHz)
UMTS
1.2288 McpsChip Rate
CDMA
(1.25 MHz)
Technology
(Bandwidth)
Synchronous
(GPS)
Mode of Operation
cdma2000

44. Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Summary – Core Network
Limited (R-UIM)SIM CardGlobal Roaming
Yes
GPRS Based
SGSN/GGSN
GSM-MAP
MSC/HLR/AuC
UMTS
IETF Based
PDSN/AAA/HA/FA
Packet Switched
IS-41
MSC/HLR/AC
Circuit Switched
YesMultimedia
cdma2000