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Basic Structure of Nucleic Acids


  Acid          5’
                                    Base
                                     鹼基
   磷酸
                4’              1’ Adenine
                                   Guanine Purine
Monophosphate
Diphosphate           Sugar        Thymine
Triphosphate          五環糖          Cytosine Pyrimidine
                 3’             2’ Uracil
                     Ribose,




                                                         Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
                      Deoxyribose        核苷
核苷酸                  Nucleoside (Adenosine)
Nucleotide (Adenosine monophosphate, AMP)
Nucleotides Linked by Phosphodiester Bond
             5’                       5’




                                                          A kind of phospho-polysaccharides
        2-                           P
                                     R      1
    PO 4
                                      P
                   1                   R      2

             3’                        P
                                                3
                  OH                     R
                       2-
                            5’           P
    O                                             4
 -                PO 4                    R
  O -P= O                                  P




                                                                                              Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
                                                    5
    O
                                 2         R
                                            P
Phosphodiester bond                                   6
                                             R
                            3’ O H              3’
The Notation for Nucleic Acids

                  A    T    C G   A   T   C   G
    5’                                                    3’
         P                                        OH



B            1’       5’   pApTpCpGpApTpCpG-OH 3’
             2’             5’ pATCGATCG-OH 3’
    R
             3’
P                             ATCGATCG
        5’
                                                  Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
The Two Chains of DNA Are Antiparallel



     5’                          3’


     5’   pApTpCpGpApTpCpG-OH 3’
   pCpGpApTpCpGpApT-OH 3’       5’


     3’                          5’



                                Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
Characteristics of Double Helix
                                                         5’                    3’
                                                                          1
                                                                      2                          36 Å
                                                                  3
                                                              4
                                                              5

                                                                  6                 Large groove
                                      Sm all groove
                                                                      7
                                                                          8

                                                                          9
                                                                          10

                                                         5’                         3’
                                  1 Tw ist = 1 0.5 b p
                                                                                           Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

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Nucleotide structure

  • 1. Basic Structure of Nucleic Acids Acid 5’ Base 鹼基 磷酸 4’ 1’ Adenine Guanine Purine Monophosphate Diphosphate Sugar Thymine Triphosphate 五環糖 Cytosine Pyrimidine 3’ 2’ Uracil Ribose, Juang RH (2004) BCbasics Deoxyribose 核苷 核苷酸 Nucleoside (Adenosine) Nucleotide (Adenosine monophosphate, AMP)
  • 2. Nucleotides Linked by Phosphodiester Bond 5’ 5’ A kind of phospho-polysaccharides 2- P R 1 PO 4 P 1 R 2 3’ P 3 OH R 2- 5’ P O 4 - PO 4 R O -P= O P Juang RH (2004) BCbasics 5 O 2 R P Phosphodiester bond 6 R 3’ O H 3’
  • 3. The Notation for Nucleic Acids A T C G A T C G 5’ 3’ P OH B 1’ 5’ pApTpCpGpApTpCpG-OH 3’ 2’ 5’ pATCGATCG-OH 3’ R 3’ P ATCGATCG 5’ Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
  • 4. The Two Chains of DNA Are Antiparallel 5’ 3’ 5’ pApTpCpGpApTpCpG-OH 3’ pCpGpApTpCpGpApT-OH 3’ 5’ 3’ 5’ Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
  • 5. Characteristics of Double Helix 5’ 3’ 1 2 36 Å 3 4 5 6 Large groove Sm all groove 7 8 9 10 5’ 3’ 1 Tw ist = 1 0.5 b p Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

Editor's Notes

  1. 核苷酸 是由三部份構造所組成,每一部份又可有數種選擇;例如五碳糖部分,可能是核糖 (ribose) 或是去氧核糖 (deoxyribose) ,此種差別造成了 DNA 與 RNA 在性質與構造上的不同。 我們所常見的 ATP 分子,是含有核糖,若核糖改成去氧核糖,則寫成 dATP 。上圖只是畫出大略的構造關係,請自行在課本上找出確實的分子構造,要能自己默寫出詳細構造才可以;尤其各種鹼基之間,以氫鍵連結的配對情形,一定要十分清楚。 生命的奧祕,幾乎盡藏於此。
  2. 兩個 核 苷 酸之間,前一個 (1) 以 3‘-OH 與次一個 (2) 的 5’- 磷酸,進行連結形成磷酸二酯鍵 (phosphodiester bond) 。 如此一直接下去,就成為核酸的長鏈。但最後有一個磷酸及一個 -OH 基是不被修飾的,因此核酸的長鏈具有方向性,可以寫成 5’-P → 3’-OH 兩端,就像蛋白質有 N- 端及 C- 端一樣。 又如同蛋白質的 N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C 骨架,核酸長鏈也有分子脊骨,它是以磷酸 - 核糖輪流出現的 P-R-P-R-P-R 骨架,同時在核糖分子上一個一個加上各種鹼基,組成種種序列。
  3. 核酸 長鏈的記錄法,當然不能每次都把整個構造寫出來。方便的筆記法是把核糖變成一直線 (R) ,從上到下分別是 1’ → 5’ ,而 1’ 接有鹼基 (B) , 5’ 接有磷酸 (P) ;各核 苷 酸間以斜線表示磷酸二酯鍵。 後來覺得這樣還是很麻煩,就省去直線及斜線,以 p 代替雙磷酯鍵,只留下各個不同的鹼基序列,最後又去掉鹼基間的 p ;有時特別標出 5’ 及 3’ 端,以作為提醒,因為核酸的方向性極為重要。
  4. 兩條 DNA 核酸配對在一起時,其 5’-3’ 方向剛好相反;這兩股 DNA 互相捲繞成為有名的雙螺旋構造。 這種方向性,對核酸的複製及轉錄很重要,因為這些活動都有一定的方向。
  5. 雙螺旋 是一條雙股重複扭曲的螺旋鏈,其重複出現的扭曲單位如上圖所示;以常見的 B 型 DNA 而言,每 10.5 bp 形成一個扭曲單位,長度有 3.6 nm ; 注意每一個扭曲單位中, DNA 的一股會交過另一股一次。 因為分子的扭曲並非對稱,因此分子表面會形成大小凹谷,這些凹谷對核酸與蛋白質的相互作用關係,有很大的貢獻。 同時因為磷酸脊骨露在外面,因此核酸的外側有相當大的負電聚集;若把 DNA 溶在純水裡,則兩股磷酸脊骨會互相排斥,造成 DNA 的兩股分開而變性沈澱,故 DNA 都要溶在含有離子的溶液中 (TE buffer) 。