Permanent Teeth Description

Permanent teethPermanent teeth
By:mohammed ali el afifyBy:mohammed ali el afify

The ideal way to describe a toothThe ideal way to describe a tooth
It is more easier to follow these stepsIt is more easier to follow these steps::
-- ChronologyChronology (i.e. dates of events for each tooth as enamel(i.e. dates of events for each tooth as enamel
organ appearance, beginning of calcification, crownorgan appearance, beginning of calcification, crown
completed, eruption and root completed).completed, eruption and root completed).
- TypeType ( anterior or posterior)( anterior or posterior) and functionand function ( incising, holding( incising, holding
or grinding etc ….).or grinding etc ….).
- No. of lobes.No. of lobes.
- RelationsRelations ( contact with what tooth mesially and distally).( contact with what tooth mesially and distally).
- No. of surfaces.No. of surfaces.
- No. of rootNo. of root(s).(s).

- To describe each tooth aspect the student- To describe each tooth aspect the student
should follow the following:should follow the following:
►►Geometric outline.Geometric outline.
►►Outline.Outline.
►►Surface anatomy.Surface anatomy.
►►Root curvature.Root curvature.
►►Pulp cavity.Pulp cavity.
- No. of pulp horns, shape of pulp chamber and- No. of pulp horns, shape of pulp chamber and
no. of root canalno. of root canal(s).(s).
Trapezoid
Rhomboid
Triangle
Straight
Convex
Concave
Elevations and depressions present on the surface.

Maxillary Permanent IncisorsMaxillary Permanent Incisors
☻There are 4
maxillary incisors.
2 per each
quadrant.
☻2 cenrtal incisors
contact each other at
the midline.
☻2 lateral incisors
distal to the central
incisor.
1
2 1 2

MaxillaryMaxillary
permanentpermanent
central incisorcentral incisor

Maxillary Central Permanent IncisorMaxillary Central Permanent Incisor
☻There are 2 central
incisors in upper jaw.
☻The upper central
incisor is the most
broadest tooth of the
anterior teeth.

To describe the general characteristics of theTo describe the general characteristics of the
maxillary permanent central incisor we havemaxillary permanent central incisor we have
to follow the previous steps:to follow the previous steps:
ChronologyChronology
Appearance of the dental organ 5m.i.uAppearance of the dental organ 5m.i.u
First evidence of calcification 3-4 monthsFirst evidence of calcification 3-4 months
Enamel completed 4-5 yearsEnamel completed 4-5 years
Eruption 7-8 yearsEruption 7-8 years
Root completed 10 yearsRoot completed 10 years
Type and functionType and function
This tooth has the function of incising food as well asThis tooth has the function of incising food as well as
esthetic.esthetic.
No. of lobesNo. of lobes
It has four lobes (three mamelons and cingulum)It has four lobes (three mamelons and cingulum)

RelationRelation
The two central incisors make contactThe two central incisors make contact mesiallymesially withwith
each other andeach other and distallydistally with the mesial surface of thewith the mesial surface of the
lateral incisor.lateral incisor.
1 1 22

No. of surfacesNo. of surfaces
It has four surfaces and incisal aspect.It has four surfaces and incisal aspect.
No. of rootsNo. of roots
It has one root.It has one root.
Labial Lingual Mesial Distal
Incisal

Surface AnatomySurface Anatomy
Labial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the
crown: Trapezoid
-The short side cervically
-The long side incisally
☻The outline:
-Mesial outline is slightly convex.
-Distal outline is more convex.
-Incisal outline is straight and
perpendicular to the long axis of
the tooth.
-The cervical line is convex
root-wards.
D M

-The mesio-incisal angle is sharp.
-The disto-incisal angle is rounded.
M.I
angle
D.I
angle
☻Surface anatomy:
-The surface is smoothly
convex, it is flattened
incisally.
-Cervical ridge located at
cervical third.
☻The root:
- It has a single root.
- It is cone shape with
blunt apex.

Lingual aspect
-It has the same geometrical outline
and outline as the labial surface.
M D
- The mesial and distal sides
of the crown and root
converge ligually ( the lingual
surface is narrower than the
labial surface).
- This convergence to
accommodate with the
horse shoe shaped of
the alveolar process.
The facial surface is
larger than the lingual
surface.

☻Surface anatomy:
The elevations:
1-The cingulum ( present
at cervical 1/3.
2-Marginal ridges.
- Mesial marginal ridge.
- Distal marginal ridge.
- Incisal ridge.
The depressions:
- The lingual fossa ( it lies
between the previous
elevations).

Mesial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the crown:
☻Triangular in shape; the base
cervically and the apex incisally.
☻The incisal ridge is on a line
that bisects the centre of the root.
☻The outline:
☻The labial outline is convex at
cervical 1/3 ( cervical ridge).
-Then become flate to the incisal ridge.
☻The lingual outline is convex at
cervical 1/3 (cingulum).
- Then concave at the lingual fossa.
- Then slightly convex for the incisal
ridge.

☻The mesial cervical curvature is
convex incisally. It is greater than
any other teeth in the mouth.
☻Surface anatomy:
☻The mesial surface is convex
with the maximum convexity at the
junction of the incisal and middle
1/3s ( the contact area)
☻The root:
☻It is cone shape with blunt
apex.

The distal aspect
☻Similar to the mesial aspect but
differ in.
- The cervical line curvature is less
than mesial ( by 1 mm).
-The contact area located at
the middle 1/3.

Incisal aspect
☻Triangular in shape.
-The base is placed labially and the
apex lingually.
☻The labial surface is
broad and flat. The cervical
portion of the crown is
convex ( cervical ridge).
☻The lingual outline tapers
lingually to the cingulum (ligual
convergence).
-The cingulum is shifted distally.

►Mesio-distal section
-The pulp chamber is wide
conforming the shape of the
crown.
-It presents three pulp horns
corresponding to the three
mamelons.
-The root canal tapers towards
the apex.
►Labio-lingual section
-The pulp chamber
pointed incisally, then
follows the increase in
the crown dimention
cervically.
-The root canal tapers gradually
as it traverse the root ending in a
constriction at the apex (the
apical foramen).
☻Pulp cavity

Maxillary
permanent
lateral incisor

Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ 5 m.i.u
First evidence of calcification 1 year
Enamel completed 4-5 years
Eruption 8-9 years
Root completed 11 years
Type and function
This tooth has the function of incising food as well
as esthetic.
No. of lobes
It has four lobes (three mamelons and cingulum)

Relation
The lateral incisor make contact mesially with the
central incisor and distally with the mesial surface of
the canine.
2 23 3

No. of surfaces
It has four surfaces and incisal aspect.
Labial Lingual Mesial Distal
Incisal
No. of roots
It has one root.

Labial aspect
crown: Trapezoid
-The short side cervically
-The long side incisally
☻The outline:
-Mesial outline is slightly convex The
crest at junction of incisal and middle
thirds.
-Distal outline is more convex.
-Incisal outline is more curved
than the central incisor.
root-wards.
D M

-The mesio-incisal angle is rounded.
-The disto-incisal angle is more rounded.
☻Surface anatomy:
-The surface is more convex
than the central incisor.
cervical third.
☻The root:
- It tapers evenly to apical 1/3
, then curve distally with a
pointed apex.
D M

Lingual aspect
M D
converge lingual ( the lingual
labial surface).

☻Surface anatomy:
The elevations:
1- The cingulum ( present at cervical
1/3).
2-Marginal ridges.
- Incisal ridge.
The depressions:
- The lingual fossa ( it lies between the
previous elevations).
☻All elevations and depression are
more developed than the upper
central incisor.
-Notice the lingual pit.

Mesial aspect
☻The incisal ridge is on a line
☻The outline:
-Then become slightly convex to the
incisal ridge.
- Then concave at the lingual fossa.
- Then slightly convex for the incisal ridge.

☻The mesial cervical line is
convex incisally.
☻Surface anatomy:
☻The mesial surface is convex with
the maximum convexity at the
junction of the incisal and middle 1/3s
( the contact area)
☻The root:
☻The root appears longer than
the central incisor
☻It is cone shape with blunt
apex. It has developmental
deppresion.
☻ The labio-lingual measurement is less
than the central incisor by about 1mm.

The distal aspect
differ in.
-The contact area located at the
middle 1/3 (more cervially).
- It is smaller and more
convex than the mesial.

Incisal aspect
☻It may resemble the
central incisor or a
small canine.
☻The labio-lingual
dimension is greater in
comparison to the central
incisor.
1
☻The cingulum is
centered.

Malformations Of The Upper PermanentMalformations Of The Upper Permanent
Lateral IncisorLateral Incisor
Peg-shaped
lateral
incisor.
Missing lateral
incisor.
13

-The pulp chamber is wide
conforming the shape of the
crown.
- It does not have three sharp
pulp horns.
-The root canal tapers towards
the apex.
-The pulp chamber
pointed incisally, then
follows the increase in
the crown dimention
cervically.
-The root canal tapers gradually
as it traverse the root ending in a
constriction at the apex (the
apical foramen).
☻Pulp cavity

Mandibular
Permanent Incisors
1 12
2
☻They are four in
number.
☻They have smaller
mesio-distal dimention
than any of the other
teeth.

Chronology
First evidence of calcification 3-4 months.
Eruption 6-7 years
Type and function
as esthetic.
No. of lobes

Relation
The two central incisors make contact
mesially with each other and distally with
the mesial surface of the lateral incisor.
11 22

Labial aspect
crown: Trapezoid.
-The short side cervically.
-The long side incisally.
☻The outline:
-Mesial and distal outlines are straight.
-Incisal outline is straight and
perpendicular to the long axis of
the tooth.
root-wards.
MD

-The mesio and disto-incisal angles
are sharpe.
☻Surface anatomy:
-The surface is convex both
mesiodistally and inciso-
cervically.
cervical third.
☻The root:
- It tapers evenly to apical 1/3
, then curve distally with a
pointed apex.
D M

Lingual aspect
M D
converge ligually ( the lingual
labial surface).

☻Surface anatomy:
The elevations:
1- The cingulum ( present at cervical
1/3).
2-Marginal ridges.
- Incisal ridge.
The depressions:
☻All elevations and depression are
poorly developed than the upper incisor.
- The lingual fossa ( it lies between the
previous elevations).

Mesial aspect
☻The incisal ridge is lingual to a line
☻The outline:
-Then become straight to the incisal
ridge.
- Then straight to concave at the
lingual fossa.
- Then slightly convex for the incisal ridge.

convex incisally.
☻Surface anatomy:
the maximum convexity near the
incisal ridge ( the contact area).
☻The root:
☻The root outline is straight
labially and lingually. It tapers in
the middle third to a blunted or
rounded apex.
-The root has a broad developmental
depression.

The distal aspect
differ in.
-The distal contact area at the same
level as the mesial surface.
-The distal developmental depression
on the root is deeper than mesial and
may have developmental groove.

Incisal aspect
-The aspect is four sided or
diamond shape.
-The incisal edge is straight.
-The mesial and distal halves are
identical.
-The incisal edge is perpendicular to
a line bisecting the crown
labiolingually.

☻Pulp cavity
- The outline of the pulp
cavity conform to the
crown and root outline.
- The pulp chamber has 2
pulp horns. The root canal
tapers to the apical
foramen.

Chronology
Eruption 7-8 years
Type and function
as esthetic.
No. of lobes

Relation
The lateral incisors make contact mesially with
the distal surface of the central incisors and
distally with the mesial surface of the canines.
11 223 3

☻It appear to have nearly the same
form as the mandibular central incisor,
SO direct comparison will be discussed.
Labial aspect
-It is larger than the central by
about 0.5 mm in all dimensions.
-The incisal edge is straight and slop
downward in a distal direction.
MD
-The distal angle is rounded.
-The root is longer than the central
incisor.

Lingual aspect
-The mesial outline is longer than the
distal outline.
-The mesial marginal ridge is longer
than the distal marginal ridge.
-The cingulum is deviated distal to the
center of the lingual surface.

Mesial aspect Distal aspect
-The distal surface is
shorter inciso-cervically.
-Both cervical lines are
less than those of the
central incisor.
-The distal contact area is
more cervical than the
mesial one.
-Root depressions are
seen on both the mesial
and distal surfaces.

Incisal aspect
- The crown appear
to be twisted on
root.
- The distal lobe is
larger than the
mesial lobe.
- This form to fit
the mandibular
arch.
- The incisal edge
incline lingually.
- The cingulum
deviated distally.

MaxillaryMaxillary
permanentpermanent
caninecanine

-There are two maxillary and two mandibular canines.
-They are called corner stone of the mouth.
-It has long root for good anchorage in the bone.
-The middle labial lobe is well developed forming cusp
and labial ridge.
-The bone ridge over the labial surface of the root is called
canine eminence (insure facial expression(.

Chronology
Eruption 11-12 years
Root completed 14-15 years
Type and function
This tooth has the function of incising, holding
and tearing food as well as esthetic.
No. of lobes
It has four lobes (three labial-the middle is well
developed- and cingulum(

33 2 24 4
Relation
The upper canine make contact mesially with the
distal surface of the lateral incisors and distally
with the mesial surface of the 1st
premolar.

-The mesial half of the crown resembles the upper lateral
incisor where the distal half resembles a premolar.
Labial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the crown: Trapezoid.
☻The outline:
-Mesial outline starting from cervical line
convex till the junction of and incisal thirds
( contact area(. Then become concave till
cusp tip.
-The cervical line is convex root-wards.
-The distal outline is concave till the middle
third (the contact area( then convex to the
cusp tip.

-The distal slope is longer than
the mesial slope.
☻Surface anatomy:
-The surface is convex both
mesiodistally and inciso-cervically.
Elevations
-Cervical ridge.
-Labial ridge.
Depressions
-Two developmental grooves.
☻The root:
-It is long, slender, conical in
shape with distal curvature of
the apical 3rd
.
-Cusp.

Lingual aspect
- The mesial and distal sides of the
crown and root converge lingually.
☻Surface anatomy:
The elevations:
-The cingulum.
-The marginal ridges (mesial and distal(.
-The lingual ridge.
-Mesio and disto-incisal ridges.
The depressions
-Two lingual fossae.

Cingulum.
Mesial marginal
ridge.
Distal marginal
ridge
M.L.FD.L.F
M.I.Ridge
D.I.Ridge
Lingual ridge
Enumerate the names
of the following
elevations and
depressions?

Mesial aspect
☻The cusp tip may be on a line
that bisects the centre of the root
or slightly labial to it.
☻The outline:
☻The labial outline is convex
with the greatest convexity at
cervical 1/3 ( cervical ridge(.
cervical 1/3 (cingulum(.
- Then straight at the middle 3rd
and
convex at incisal 3rd
.

convex incisally.
☻Surface anatomy:
the maximum convexity at the
junction of the incisal and middle 1/3s
( the contact area(.
☻The root:
-The root is broad and taper to blunt
apex.
-It has a distal developmental
depression.

The distal aspect
differ in.
than mesial ( by 1 mm(.
-The contact area is broader and
located at the middle 1/3 (more
cervially(.
-The developmental depression of
the root is more developed.

Incisal aspect
-The labio-lingual diameter is
greater than the mesio-distal
diameter.
-The cusp tip is slightly labial
and mesial to the center of the
crown.
Labial
Lingual
M D
the mesial slope.
-All elevations and depressions can be
seen from this aspect.

Enumerate the names of the following
elevations and depressions?
Cervical ridgr.
Labial ridge.
D. slope.
D.M.R
Cusp tip.
M. slope.
Lingual ridge.
M.M.R
Lingual fossae. Cingulum.

☻Pulp cavity
-Has narrow pulp chamber.
-The root canal is long and tapering
down to the apical foramen.
-The pulp chamber is pointed
incisally.
-The root canal start cervically wide till
about the middle then narrows to the
apical foramen.

MandibularMandibular
permanentpermanent
caninecanine

Chronology
Eruption 9-10 years
Type and function
This tooth has the function of incising, holding
and tearing food as well as esthetic.
No. of lobes
It has four lobes (three labial-the middle is well
developed- and cingulum(

33
2 2
4 4
Relation
The lower canine make contact mesially with the
distal surface of the lateral incisors and distally
with the mesial surface of the 1st
premolar.

-The mesial half of the crown resembles the upper lateral
incisor where the distal half resembles a premolar.
Labial aspect
☻Geometrical outline of the crown: Trapezoid.
☻The outline:
-Mesial outline Is straight with the mesial
outline of the root. The mesial contact area
is at the incisal 3rd
.
-The cervical line is convex root-wards.
-The distal outline is convex till the contact
area at the junction of incisal and middle 3rds.

Lingual aspect
- The mesial and distal sides of the
crown and root converge lingually.
☻Surface anatomy:
The elevations:
(poorly developed(
-The cingulum.
-The marginal ridges (mesial and distal(.
-The lingual ridge.
-Mesio and disto-incisal ridges.
The depressions
-one lingual fossae.

Enumerate the names of the
following elevations and
depressions?
Mesio-incisal R.
Disto-incisal R. Lingual ridge
Lingual fossa
Mesial
marginal ridge
Distal marginal
ridge
Cingulum

Mesial aspect
☻The cusp tip may be on a line
that bisects the centre of the root
or slightly lingual to it.
☻The outline:
☻The labial outline is slightlu
convex with the greatest convexity
at cervical 1/3 ( cervical ridge(.
cervical 1/3 (cingulum(.
- Then concave at the middle 3rd
and convex at incisal 3rd
.

convex incisally.
☻Surface anatomy:
the maximum convexity at the incisal
third ( the contact area(.
☻The root:
-The root is broad and taper to blunt
apex.
-It has a distal developmental
depression.

Incisal aspect
-The labio-lingual diameter is
greater than the mesio-distal
diameter but in less
proportion.
-The cusp tip is slightly lingual
and mesial to the center of the
crown.
Labial
Lingual
M D
the mesial slope.
-All elevations and depressions can be
seen from this aspect.
-The mesial cusp ridge incline
lingual.

Enumerate the names of the following
elevations and depressions?
Cervical ridgr.
Labial ridge.
D. slope.
D.M.R
Cusp tip.
M. slope.
Lingual ridge.
M.M.R
Lingual fossa.
Cingulum.

Maxillary premolars (bicuspids(
-We have 4 maxillary
premolars; two in right
and two in left side.
-Mesial to them is the
canine and distal the
molars present.
-They have two cusps
(one buccal and one
lingual( {bicuspid{

Premolars are posterior teeth because:
1-They have occlusal surface
instead of incisal ridge.
2-The bucco-lingual measurements
are greater than the anterior teeth.
4-The crown is shorter than the
anterior teeth.
5-The cervical curvature is less
than the anterior.
3-The contact areas are broad
and nearly at the same level.

Maxillary firstMaxillary first
premolarpremolar

Chronology
First evidence of calcification 11/2-13/4 years.
Type and function
This tooth has the function of tearing and grinding
food.
No. of lobes
It has four lobes (three buccal -the middle is well
developed (the buccal cusp(- and one lingual (the
lingual cusp(.

43 5
Relation
The upper 1st
premolar makes contact mesially
with the distal surface of the canine and distally
with the mesial surface of the 2nd
premolar.

No. of surfaces
It has four surfaces and Occlusal aspect.
Buccal Lingual Mesial Distal
Occlusal
No. of roots
It has 80% 2 roots.

The buccal aspect
Geometrical outline
-The long side occlusally.
Trapezoid in shape.
The outline
-Mesial outline is slightly concave till
the half of the crown (the contact area(.
-The distal outline is straight or
slightly concave till the contact area
(more occlusally(.
-The mesial slope is longer than the
distal slope.

Surface anatomy
The elevations
-The cervical ridge
-The buccal ridge
The depressions
Two developmental grooves mesial
and distal to the buccal ridge.
The root
The buccal root is similar to
that of the canine but shorter.

Lingual aspect
-Similar to the buccal aspect but in a reverse
manner and with lingual convergence.
-The lingual cusp is shorter than
the buccal cusp by 1mm.
-The mesial and the distal slopes of the
lingual cusp have right angle.
-The lingual surface is spheroid
and has a less developed lingual
ridge Than the buccal ridge.
-Cervical line is slightly convex or
even straight.

Mesial aspect
Geometrical outline
Trapezoid in shape.
-The short side occlusally.
-The long side cervically.
The outline
-The buccal outline is convex till the
buccal cusp tip with the maximum
convexity at cervical 3rd
.
-The lingual outline is convex
with the maximum convexity at
the center.

-The lingual cusp is shorter than the
buccal cusp.
-The mesial marginal ridge present at the
junction of the occlusal and middle thirds
-The mesial contact area present at
the middle third.
Surface anatomy
1-Mesial developmental groove crossing
the mesial marginal ridge.
2-Mesial developmental depression
above the contact area and continue on
the root surface ( The canine fossa(.
-The bifurcation of the root present at
the middle of the root length.
The root

-The buccal cusp tip is in one line
with the center of the buccal root.
-The lingual cusp tip is in one line
with the lingual border of the
lingual root.

Distal aspect
The distal surface differs than the
mesial in:
1-No developmental groove
crossing the distal marginal ridge.
2-No developmental depression on
the crown or root.
4-The cervical line is less curved
or straight.
5-The bifurcation present at apical
third.
3-The contact area is broader.

Occlusal aspect
It is hexagonal in shape
Mesio-B. Disto-B.
Distal. Mesial
Disto-L. Mesio-L.
-Central developmental
groove.
-Distal and mesial
triangular fossa.
-Distal and mesial
developmental pit.
-Distal and mesial
marginal ridges.

-The buccal and lingual
cusps have triangular ridge.
-The mesial marginal ridge
is crossed by mesial
developmental groove.
-The bucco-lingual
measurement is larger than
the mesio-distal measurement

The pulp cavity
Bucco-lingual section
-Has wide pulp chamber
with two pulp horns.
-There are two root canals
tapering to the apical foramen.
-In case of one root ; it has
two root canals.
Mesio-distal section
-The pulp chamber is
bulbous and short.
-The root canal is narrow to the apex
-The palatal root canal is wide.

MaxillaryMaxillary
2nd premolar2nd premolar

Chronology
First evidence of calcification 2-21/4 years.
Type and function
This tooth supplements the maxillary first
premolar in function of tearing and grinding food.
No. of lobes
developed (the buccal cusp(- and one lingual (the
lingual cusp(.

4 5
Relation
The upper 2ndt
premolar makes contact mesially
with the distal surface of the 1st
premolar and
distally with the mesial surface of the 1st
permanent
molar.
6

No. of surfaces
Occlusal
No. of roots
It has 85% one root.

The buccal aspect
1-The buccal cusp is less
pointed and shorter.
2-The mesial slope is shorter than
the distal slope.
3-The buccal ridge is less
prominent.
-Similar to that of the 1st
premolar and
differs in:

The lingual aspect
-The lingual cusp is longer than
that of upper 1st
premolar.
-The buccal and lingual cusps are
nearly equal.

The mesial aspect
-The buccal and the lingual cusps
are nearly at the same level.
-The mesial marginal ridge is more
occlusal than the 1st
premolar.
-No mesial developmental groove.
-Mostly it has one root.
-There is great distance between
the buccal and the lingual cusps
more than the 1st
premolar.

The distal aspect
-There is no difference except it
has one root.

The occlusal aspect
-It is oval or round shape
-Wide bucco-lingual
dimension.
-Short central developmental
groove.
-Multiple supplemental grooves.

-They are 4 in numbers; 2 in each side.
-They are present distal to the lower canine and
mesial to the lower molars.
4 5

1st premolar1st premolar

Chronology
First evidence of calcification 13/4-2 years.
Type and function
This tooth has the function of tearing and grinding
food.
No. of lobes
developed (the buccal cusp)- and one lingual (the
lingual cusp).

4 5
Relation
The lower 1stt
premolar makes contact mesially with
the distal surface of the lower canine and distally
premolar.
3

No. of surfaces
Occlusal
No. of roots
It has one root.

The buccal aspect
Geometrical outline
Trapezoid in shape.
The outline
the mesial contact area.
-The distal outline is slightly concave
till the distal contact area.
-The mesial slope is shorter than the
distal slope.
-The buccal cusp tip is mesial to the midline.

Surface anatomy
The elevations
-The cervical ridge.
-The buccal ridge.
The depressions
The root
-The root is cone shape with distal
inclination of the apical 3rd
.
-The root is shorter than that of the canine.

Lingual aspect
-Similar to the buccal aspect but in a
reverse manner and with more lingual
convergence.
-The lingual cusp is 2/3 the buccal
cusp.
-The mesial and the distal triangular
fossae can be seen.
-The lingual surface is spheroid.
even straight.
-The short lingual cusp can be
called well developed cingulum.

-A characteristic feature of the
lingual surface is the mesiolingual

The mesial aspect
Geometrical outline
-It is rhomboid in shape due to the
lingual inclination.
The outline
-The buccal outline is convex
from the cervical line to the cusp
tip (the maximum convexity at
cervical 3rd
; the cervical ridge).
-The lingual outline is convex
(the maximum convexity at the
middle 3rd
).
-See the mesio-lingual developmental groove.

-The lingual cusp is 2/3 of the
buccal cusp.
-The buccal cusp tip is in line with the
root apex; where the lingual cusp tip is
in line with the lingual border of the root
(lingual inclination).
-The mesial marginal ridge is sloping
lingually.
-The contact area is in line with the
buccal cusp tip.
The root
-It tapers to pointed apex and has
deep developmental groove.

The distal aspect
-Similar to the mesial aspect but differs in:
1-The distal marginal ridge is straight and
perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth.
2-No developmental groove.
3-The contact area is broader and more
cervically.
4-The distal cervical line is less curved.

The occlusal aspect
-It is diamond or round shape.
-The buccal cusp has large triangular
ridge.
-The small lingual cusp has small
triangular ridge.
-The occlusal surface tapers lingually.
-The buccal and lingual triangular
ridges connected by transverse ridge.
-Mesial and distal triangular fossae.
-Central developmental groove may cross the
transverse ridge.

The pulp cavity
- The pulp chamber is wide
with two pulp horns.
- The root canal is wide till the
middle third then narrow to the
apical foramen
- Similar to the canine
but longer in lower 5
than lower 4.

2nd premolar2nd premolar

Chronology
First evidence of calcification 21/4-21/2 years.
Type and function
This tooth has the function of tearing and grinding food.
No. of lobes
There are two types
It has four lobes: three buccal and one lingual {2 cusp type{
OR five lobes: three buccal and two lingual {3 cusp type{

4 5
Relation
The lower 2nd premolar makes contact mesially
with the distal surface of the lower 1st
premolar and
distally with the mesial surface of the 1st
permanent
molar.
6

The buccal aspect
Geometrical outline
Trapezoid in shape.
The outline
the mesial contact area (at occ. 1/3).
-The distal outline is slightly concave
till the distal contact area (at occ
1/3). -The mesial slope is shorter than the
distal slope (or may be equal).
-The buccal cusp tip is mesial to the midline.

Surface anatomy
The elevations
-The cervical ridge.
-The buccal ridge.
The depressions
The root
-The root is cone shape with rare
distal inclination of the apical 3rd
.

Lingual aspect
-Similar to the buccal aspect but in
a reverse manner.
even straight.
☻There may be one or two lingual cusps.
☻The lingual cusp(s) is shorter than the
buccal cusp.
- In case of three cusp type: the mesiolingual
cusp is larger than the distolingual cusp.
- The two lingual cusps separated by
lingual developmental groove
☻Very little lingual convergence.

The mesial aspect
Geometrical outline
-It is rhomboid in shape due to the
lingual inclination.
Similar to the lower 4 but differs in:
1- Wider buccolingual.
2- The buccal cusp is just
buccal to the root apex.
3- The lingual cusp(s) are well
developed.
4- The mesial marginal ridge is
straight and perpendicular to the
long axis.

5- There is no mesiolingual
6- the root is longer with blunt
apex.
7- The maximum convexity of the
lingual outline is located at occlusal
third.
The mesial aspect

The distal aspect
- It is similar to the mesial surface
but differs in:
1- The distal marginal ridge present
more cervically.
2- The tips of both lingual cusps can
be seen.
3- In two cusp type there is distolingual
developmental depression.

The occlusal aspect
{1{ The three cusp type.
- The geometrical outline is square.
- It has one buccal cusp and two
lingual cusps.
- The arrangement of the cusps
according to the size is: the buccal,
the mesiolingual then the
distolingual.
- Every cusp has triangular ridge.
- Y shape developmental groove separating the cusps.
- There is central fossa. - Central pit.
- Mesial and distal
triangular fossae.
- Mesial and distal
marginal ridges.

{2{ The two cusp type.
- The geometrical outline is round.
- There is lingual convergence.
- There is one buccal and one
lingual cusp.
- There may be transverse ridge.
- The central develomental groove
may be H or U shape.
- The surface has supplemental
grooves.
- The mesial and distal fossae are
round.

- There are 12 permanent molars (3 in each quadrant).
- They are the largest and strongest teeth in the mouth.
- They have no deciduous predeccessors.
- They are formed of 4 lobes except the lower 1st
molar and
in some cases of the lower 3rd
molar ; formed of 5 lobes.
- They are multirooted teeth where the lower have two
roots and the upper have three roots.
- They support and maintain the vertical dimension of the
face.
General features

MaxillaryMaxillary
1st molar1st molar

Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ 4 m.i.u.
First evidence of calcification At birth.
Enamel completed 3-4 years.
Eruption 6-7 years.
Root completed 9-10 years.
Type and function
This tooth has the function of chewing and
grinding food.
No. of lobes
It has four lobes: two buccal and two lingual.

75
Relation
The upper 1st
molar makes contact mesially with
the distal surface of the upper 2nd
premolar and
distally with the mesial surface of the 2nd
permanent
molar.
6

No. of surfaces
Occlusal
No. of roots
It has three roots (two
buccal and one palatal).

The buccal aspect
Geometrical outline
Trapezoid in shape.
The outline
-Mesial outline is straight till the
contact area (at the junction of occ.
and middle 1/3s).
- Then become convex for the mesial
slope of the mesio-buccal cusp.
- The distal outline is convex till the
contact area at the middle third.
- The distal slope of the disto-buccal cusp is convex.

- The cervical line is straight or slightly convex.
- The occlusal outline: the
mesiobuccal cusp is broader
than the distobuccal cusp.
- The mesio-lingual cusp can be
seen between the two buccal cusps.
- The disto-buccal cusp is longer
and sharper than the M.B.Cusp
- Buccal developmental groove extends
to the middle of the buccal surface
separates the two buccal cusps.
- Cervical ridge.
Surface anatomy
- The groove may fade out,
- Split into 2 shallow grooves. - Or end in a fault pit.

- The root
- Three roots two buccal and one palatal.
- There is root trunk at cervical third.
It has developmental groove.
- The mesiobuccal root curves
distally at the middle third.
- The distobuccal root curves mesially
at the apical third.
- The palatal root is the longest
one, and appear between the two
buccal roots.

Lingual aspect
- The geometrical outline and outline
is similar to the buccal aspect.
- No lingual convergence.
-The mesiolingual cusp is larger than
the distolingual cusp.
- The lingual developmental
groove separates the two lingual
cusps and may end in a pit.
- Tubercle of Carabelli present on the
mesiolingual cusp.
- The three roots could be seen.
- The lingual groove is in line with the
palatal root apex.
- The palatal root has developmental
depression.

The mesial aspect
Geometrical outline
Trapezoid in shape.
-The short side occlusally.
-The long side cervically.
The outline
- The buccal outline is convex at
cervical third for the cervical ridge.
- Then become concave at middle third.
- Then straight at the occlusal third.
- The lingual outline is convex
with the maximum convexity at
the middle third.
- The mesiolingual cusp has the
tubercle of Carabelli.

- The mesial marginal ridge is
well developed.
- The cervical line is shallow
and curved occlusally.
- The contact area present at
the junction of the occlusal and
middle third and buccal to the
midline.
- Surface anatomy
- The root
- Mesiobuccal and palatal roots.
- The palatal root is longer.
- The palatal root is convex; the crest
of curvature at the middlle third
- The mesiobuccal root has 2/3 of the root trunk.

The distal aspect
Similar to the mesial aspect
but differs in:
1- The crown converges distally.
2- The distal marginal ridge is
more cervically.
3- The cervical line is nearly straight.
4- The contact area is broader
than the mesial and located at the
middle third.
5- The three roots could be seen.
6- The root trunk is longer than the
mesial.

The occlusal aspect
- It is rhomboidal in shape.
☻ The mesial outline is
longer than the distal.
☻The lingual outline is longer
than the buccal.
♥ The mesiobuccal and
distolingual angles are acute.
♥ The mesiolingual and the
distobuccal angles are obtuse.
- The four cusps according to the size are:
1- The mesiolingual. 2- The mesiobuccal.
3- The distobuccal. 4- The distolingual.
☻Tubercle of Carabelli present on the
mesiolingual cusp.
14
3 2
B
D
L
M

Surface anatomy Central fossa
Distal fossa
Distal triangular
fossa
Mesial triangular
fossa
(Central pit)
(Mesial pit)
(Distal pit)
Buccal D.G
Mesiobuccal D.G
Mesiolingual D.G
Central D.G
Lingual D.G
Distobuccal D.G
Distolingual D.G
Transverse G. of
oblique ridge
Tubercle of
Carabelli

The pulp cavity
- The pulp chamber is
broad with two pulp horns.
- Wide opening for the palatal
and mesiobuccal root canals.
- The palatal root canal is wide
and accessible.
- The mesiobuccal root has two root
canals with either one or two apical
foraminea.

- The pulp chamber is not
wide with two pulp horns.
- The mesiobuccal and
distobuccal canals are
narrow and tapering to the
apex.

MaxillaryMaxillary
2nd molar2nd molar

Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ one year
First evidence of calcification 2.5-3 years.
Eruption 12-13 years.
Type and function
grinding food.
No. of lobes

7 8
Relation
The upper 1st
the distal surface of the upper 1st
molar and distally
with the mesial surface of the 3rd
permanent molar.
6

No. of surfaces
Buccal Lingual Mesial
Distal
Occlusal
No. of roots
buccal and one palatal(.

The buccal aspect
- The crown is similar to the 1st
molar but differs in:
1- The crown is shorter cervico-
occlusally.
2- The distobuccal cusp is less
developed.
3- The roots are similar to upper first
permanent molar but less diverged.
4- The apex of mesiobuccal root is
in one line with the buccal
5- The roots curved distally.

Lingual aspect
- Similar to 6 but differs in:
1- The distolingual cusp is smaller
and in some cases may be missed.
2-No tubercle of Carabelli on
the mesiolingual cusp.
3-The apex of the lingual root is in
one line with the cusp tip of the
distolingual cusp.

The mesial aspect
Similar to 6 but differs in:
2- No cusp of Carabelli .
1- The crown is shorter

The distal aspect
Similar to 6 but differs in:
The distolingual and the
distobuccal cusps are smaller.

The occlusal aspect
It has two types
1- Rhomboid shape
- The acute angles are more acute and
the obtuse angles are more obtuse.
a- The distolingual and distobuccal
cusps are less developed.
b- More supplemental grooves
present.
c- No cusp of Carabelli.

2- heart shape
- The distolingual cusp may be
poorly developed.
- The distolingual cusp may be
missed.
- This form has three cusps (Two
buccal and one lingual(.
- OR

MaxillaryMaxillary
3rd molar3rd molar

Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ 4 years.
First evidence of calcification 7-9 years.
Type and function
grinding food.
No. of lobes

7 8
Relation
The upper 1st
the distal surface of the upper 2nd molar and distally
has no contact cause it is the last tooth in the dental
arch.

No. of surfaces
Occlusal
No. of roots
buccal and one palatal(.

- The roots are short, poorly developed roots which are
curved distally. However, the roots are sometimes so
close together that may be completely fused.
☻No standard form observed for this tooth thus, it
is hard to describe a typical maxillary third molar.

There are 2 types of the occlusal surface
1- The most common occlusal
outline is heart shape, where
the tooth has three cusps
( mesiobuccal, distobuccal and
lingual cusps(.
2- Rhomboid type with four
cusps, the distolingual cusp
is small and non-functioning
cusp. Also the oblique ridge
is poorly developed or
completely absent.
- Many supplemental grooves are distributed in
occlusal surface of the third molar

The general features that differentiate the Mandibular
and maxillary molars are:
1- The crowns of the lower molars
are wider mesiodistally than
buccolingually.
4- Presence of four or five cusps, the
two lingual cusps approximately of
the same size.
3- The occlusal surface is
hexagonal or rectangular.
2- The crowns are tilted lingually and
show rhomboid outline proximally.
5- The presence of two roots in most cases
one mesially and the other one distally.

1st molar1st molar

Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ 4 m.i.u.
First evidence of calcification At birth.
Enamel completed 2.5-3 years.
Eruption 6-7 years.
Type and function
grinding food.
No. of lobes
It has five lobes: two buccal, one distal and two
lingual.

7
5
Relation
The lower 1st
molar makes contact mesially with the
distal surface of the lower 2nd
premolar and distally
permanent molar.
6

No. of surfaces
Occlusal
No. of roots
It has two roots (one
mesial and one distal(.

The buccal aspect
Geometrical outline
Trapezoid in shape.
The outline
-Mesial outline is straight till the
contact area (at the junction of occ.
and middle 1/3s(.
- Then become convex for the mesial
slope of the mesio-buccal cusp.
- The distal outline is convex till the
contact area at the middle third.
- The distal slope of the distal cusp is convex.

-The widest of them is the mesiobuccal
then distobuccal and the smallest one is
the distal cusp.
- The cervical line is straight or slightly convex.
-The mesiobuccal developmental groove
- Cervical ridge.
Surface anatomy
-The occlusal outline is divided
into three unequal cusps.
-The mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusp
tips are blunt while the distal cusp tip is
sharp.
-The distobuccal developmental groove
- The two developmental grooves may
fade out near the middle of crown or end
in a pit.

- The root trunk bifurcates at the junction
of cervical and middle thirds.
- There is a deep developmental
depression at the center of the root trunk.
- The root
- It has two roots one mesial and one distal.
- The mesial root is wider and
longer than the distal root.
-The mesial root curves mesially from
the root trunk to the middle portion of
the root length and then curves distally
to the tapered apex.
-The distal root is straight with distal
curvature at the apical third.

Lingual aspect
- The lingual surface has the same crown
outline like buccal surface but,
with lingual convergence.
- The mesiolingual, distolingual cusps
and small part of the distal cusp could
be seen from this aspect.
-The lingual developmental groove
separates the two lingual cusps.
- The lingual developmental groove
fades out near the middle of the crown.
-The cervical line is located at more
occlusal level than that on the buccal
surface so, the roots appear to be
longer lingually than buccally.

The mesial aspect
- It is rhomboidal in shape (constricted
occlusally( and inclined lingually.
Geometrical outline
- The buccal outline is convex at the
cervical third for the presence of
cervical ridge.
- then becomes slightly concave or
straight at the middle third and
becomes slightly convex or straight
to the mesiobuccal cusp tip.
- The lingual outline is convex from the
cervical line to the mesiolingual cusp tip
with the maximum convexity at the middle
of the crown.

- The cervical line is usually straight.
- It inclined from the lingual side
to the buccal as it always located
at a more occlusal level on the
lingual side.
-The mesial marginal ridge is
continuous with the cusp ridges but
in a slightly lower level.
-The contact area is located at the
junction of the middle and occlusal
thirds slightly buccal to the midline.
- The mesial root has straight buccal and
lingual outline till the middle of the root
length and then tapers to a blunt apex.
- It has a deep groove on its middle portion.

The distal aspect
- The distal aspect is similar to the
mesial surface, but narrower.
-The distal cusp is seen in the
foreground and is located more to
the buccal side.
- The distal contact area appears on the
distal cusp contour just below the distal
cusp tip.
-The distal marginal ridge is short
and made by the union of both the
distal cusp ridge and the
distolingual cusps.
-A developmental groove is usually
found crossing the distal marginal ridge.
-The distal root is narrower than the
mesial root and has more tapered apex.

- The occlusal surface is hexagonal
The occlusal aspect
- Larger mesiodistally than buccolingually.
- The buccal surface is larger than
lingual and mesial is larger than
distal.
- It has five cusps.
- The five cusps according to
their sizes are 1( mesiobuccal
2( mesiolingual 3( distolingual
4( distobuccal 5( distal cusp.
1 4
5
32
- Mesial marginal ridge is longer and broader
than the distal marginal ridge.

- The occlusal surface has three fossae:
1- the central fossa
2- mesial
triangular fossa
3- distal
triangular fossa
central developmental
groove
Mesiobuccal
developmental
groove
Distobuccal
developmental
groove
The lingual
developmental groove

- The pulp chamber is rectangular in shape
The pulp cavity
- The mesial root canal is curved
while the distal root canal is straight
and larger than the mesial

- The mesial pulp chamber is large and may extend to a
small part into the root.
- The mesial root usually has
two root canals that usually
open in separate apical foramina
or may unite in the apical region
to open in a single foramen.

2nd molar2nd molar

Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ 1 year.
First evidence of calcification 2.5-3 years.
Type and function
grinding food.
No. of lobes

7
8
6
Relation
The lower 2nd
the distal surface of the lower 1st
molar and distally
with the mesial surface of the 3rd
molar.

It is similar to the Mandibular first molar except in the
following:
1- The crown measurements are generally smaller than
that of first permanent molar (smaller mesiodistally and
occlusocervically(.

2- The crown is usually composed of four developmental
lobes. The buccal groove divides the mesiobuccal and
distobuccal cusps equally and the lingual groove
divides the mesiolingual and distolingual cusps equally.
3- The two roots are smaller, shorter and less
divergent

4- The contact areas mesially and distally are located
at the same level in the middle third.

5- The occlusal surface outline is rectangular. There is a
cross-shaped groove pattern (cruciform grooves( .
6- The occlusal surface has more supplemental grooves
than the mandibular first permanent molar.

7- There are three fossae with three developmental pits in
their bottom as seen in the Mandibular first molar.

3rd molar3rd molar

Chronology
Appearance of the dental organ 4 year.
First evidence of calcification 8-10 years.
Type and function
grinding food.
No. of lobes

7
8
Relation
The lower 3rd molar makes contact mesially with
the distal surface of the lower 2nd molar and distally
has no contact cause it is the last tooth in the dental
arch.

- It is usually smaller in all dimensions than any
mandibular molars but, sometimes it may reach the size
of the first permanent mandibular molar.
- Its crown is variable but two basic types are usually seen:
1- The crown resembles the permanent mandibular first
molar with five cusps and similar occlusal pattern with
increase number of supplemental grooves.

2- The crown resembles the permanent mandibular
second molar, it has 4 cusps and the same occlusal
pattern with increase number of supplemental
groove.

By: Mohammed Reda SharkesBy: Mohammed Reda Sharkes
References:References:
• Notes of Dental anatomy, Physiology AndNotes of Dental anatomy, Physiology And
Occlusion. by Prof. Dr. Nahed E.Abo-Azma.Occlusion. by Prof. Dr. Nahed E.Abo-Azma.
• Ash,Major M and stanley j.Nelson,2003.Ash,Major M and stanley j.Nelson,2003.
• Wheeler dental anatomy,physiology andWheeler dental anatomy,physiology and
occlusion.8occlusion.8thth
edition.edition.
• www.permanentwww.permanent teeth.comteeth.com
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