Drilling Fluids Mud

1. 4. Drilling Fluids (Mud)
Habiburrohman abdullah

2. Mud
• Properties and measurements
• Types:
- Pneumatic-air, gas, mist. Foam
- Water based
- Oil based

3. What is a drilling fluid?
Drilling fluid is any fluid that is used in a drilling
operation in which that fluid is circulated or
pumped from the surface, down the drill string,
through the bit and back to the surface via the
annulus.
– A Fluid Can Either Be a Gas or a Liquid.
• Air is a gaseous fluid.
• Foam is an aerated liquid.
• Water is a liquid fluid.
• Oil is a liquid fluid. (Diesel and Mineral oils)
• Synthetic Polymeric Liquids are also used as drilling
fluids. (Olefins and Esters)

4. Functions of Drilling Fluids
1. Remove cuttings from the well.
2. Control formation pressure.
3. Suspend and release cuttings.
4. Seal permeable formations.
5. Maintain well bore stability.
6. Minimize reservoir damage.
7. Cool, lubricate and support the bit and drilling assembly.
8. Transmit hydraulic energy to tools and bit.
9. Ensure adequate formation evaluation.
10. Control corrosion.
11. Facilitate cementing and completion.
12. Minimize impact on environment.
13. Prevent gas hydrate formation.

5. Choice of Drilling Fluid
• Performance – choose the fluid that does the job
– Inhibition
– Rheology
– Fluid Loss
– Temperature
• Environment – damage to the environment should be
avoided
• Safety – To all personnel
• Cost – Average DF Costs = 10% well costs
• Availability – Check first
• Storage – Can be easily forgotten

6. Choice of Drilling Fluid
Lubricity
Tolerance to
Contaminants
Environmental
Footprint
Drilling Performance
Thermal
Stability
Corrosion
Inhibition
Shale Inhibition
Formation
Protection
Oil Based Mud
Ester Based Mud
LAO System
KCl/PHPA
KCl/Glycol System

7. Operator’s Objectives
Environmental compliance
Lower cost / higher efficiency
- focus on shale control
Better productivity
- focus on formation damage

8. Mud Circulating System

9. Common Types of Drilling Fluids
Water Based Drilling Fluids
Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids (NADF)
Oil Base Muds
Synthetic Base Muds

10. Water Base Drilling Fluids
COMPONENTS OF WATER BASE MUDS
Soluble
Chemicals
Fresh
Water
Sea
Water
Chlorides
Calcium
Magnesium
Salt Enhanced
Water
Chlorides
Calcium
Potassium
Water
Necessary
Low Gravity
Solids
Commercial Clays
Polymers
Chemicals
High Gravity
Weight Material
Reactive
Smectite Clays
Contaminants
Inert
MISC.
Drilled
Solids
Solids

11. Oil/Synthetic Base Drilling Fluids
COMPONENTS OF NON - AQUEOUS FLUIDS
External
Phase
Oil Soluble
Liquid Additives
Surfactants
Rheo. Modifers
Liq. Polymers
Thinners
Oil Base
Fluid
Diesel Oil
Mineral Oil
Refined LP's
Internal
Phase
Ca2+ and OH-from
Lime
Synthetic
Fluid
Olefins
Esters
Synthetic LP's
Non-Chloride
Activity Reducers
Glycols
Ca2+ and Mg2+
Acetates
Nitrates
25% - 30%
CaCl2
Activity =
0.747 - 0.637
Necessary
Solids
Organophyllic Clay
Weight Material
Salt (CaCl2)
FLC Additives
Drilled
Solids
MISC.
Solids

12. FLUIDS Technology Development

13. Drilling Fluid Properties
The tests and reporting
procedures for drilling
fluids are documented in
the API Specification 13
B.

14. Physical properties
• Density or mud weight – ppg or SG.
• Marsh Funnel Viscosity – seconds per quart.
• Plastic viscosity – centipoise.
• Yield point – lbs per 100 sq. ft or as pascal
• Gels – centipoise, 10 seconds & 10 minutes.
• Fluid loss or filtration rate - mls per 30 mins.
• HTHP filtration rate - mls per 30 mins.

15. Chemical properties
• pH
• Alkalinities, filtrate. –Pf/Mf.
• Alkalinity, mud. - Pm
• Total hardness – calcium and magnesium ions.
• Calcium concentration – calcium ion.
• Total chloride ion.

16. Solids analysis
• % volume, oil.
• % volume, water.
• % volume, solids.
• % volume, solids corrected.
• Average specific gravity solids – as S.G.
• %, low gravity solids.
• %, high gravity solids.
• % sand content.
• % clay.
• MBT (CEC) gives the amount of clay in the mud expressed as
ppb, equivalent clay.

17. Other analyses depending
on mud type.
• %, KCl concentration. (KCl PHPA)
• Potassium chloride, ppb. (KCl PHPA)
• Excess polymer, ppb. (KCl PHPA)
• %, glycol. (KCl PHPA)
• Excess lime, ppb. (Lime muds)
• Oil / Water ratio. (SBM, OBM)
• Electrical stability, volts. (SBM, OBM)

18. END