Complete Presentation on GLASS Muhammad Luqman (BS CIVIL TECHNOLOGY) Sargodha https://www.linkedin.com/in/muhammadluqman009/ https://twitter.com/luqman123451 https://www.facebook.com/MuhammadLuqman009 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmNYAHmYrJHTkUDDOCPLQrA

1. INTRODUCTION
“A hard, brittle substance, typically transparent or translucent, made by fusing sand with
soda and lime and cooling rapidly. It is used to make windows, drinking containers, and other
articles”. Example "the screen is made from glass"
Any of various amorphous materials formed from a melt by cooling to rigidity
without crystallization
a) A usually transparent or translucent material consisting typically of a mixture of silicates
b) A material (as obsidian) produced by fast cooling of magma
BACKUP/HISTORY
People had used naturally occurring glass, especially obsidian (the volcanic glass) before
they learned how to make glass. Obsidian was used for production of knives, arrowheads,
jewelry and money.
The history of glassmaking can be traced back to 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia, but
Mesopotamians may have created second-rate copies of glass objects from Egypt, where this
complex craft actually originated. Other archaeological evidence suggests that the first true glass
was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Egypt.

2. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid second millennium BC, were beads, perhaps
initially created as accidental by products of metal-working (slags) or during the production
of faience, a pre-glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing. Glass remained a
luxury material, and the disasters that overtook late Bronze Age civilizations seem to have
brought glass-making to a halt. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may
have begun in 1730 BC.
In ancient China, though, glassmaking seems to have a late start, compared to ceramics
and metal work. In the Roman Empire, glass objects have been recovered across the Roman
Empire in domestic, industrial and funerary contexts. Anglo-Saxon glass has been found across
England during archaeological excavations of both settlement and cemetery sites. Glass in
the Anglo-Saxon period was used in the manufacture of a range of objects including vessels,
beads, and windows and was even used in jewelry.

3. PROPERTIES OF GLASS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS
Glass is made up of sand, soda ash and limestone substances. It is a hard material that is
normally breakable and transparent. These substances are heated altogether and the molecules
bond that is formed is a substance that we call glass. Glass has been used for many functions and
usually a popular tool for storage purposes. Here are some of the physical properties of a glass
Glass Is a Type of Solid Material
Glass is a solid substance and in solid objects, the molecule bonds are tighter compared to
a liquid material. There is a less movement among them in this case. It only means that glass is a
type of solid material that will not change its shape unless it being heated to a certain high
temperature. When heated glass is supple but if you will apply too much pressure, it will also
break.
Durable
Glass is durable due to the strong bonds between the molecules in it. Its strength and its
durability mainly depend on its thickness. The thinner the sheets of the glass; the easier it is to
break them. It is also hard to scratch it since it requires a sharp object in order to do this. It can
hold a liquid without breaking.
Absorbs Heat
Glass absorbs and transmits heat which means that if you heat a glass then the
temperature of the contents inside of it will react. The heat applied will make the molecules in
the glass to vibrate faster that pass thru one molecule to another. The energy and friction being
applied to the glass will cause the glass of bottle to heat up and this energy is being passed on to
the contents of the glass bottle.

4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Density 2500 kg/m3. A 4mm thick pane of glass weighs 10kg/m2
Hardness 470 HK The hardness of float glass is established according to Knop. The
basis is the test method given in DIN 52333 (ISO 9385)
Compression
Resistance
800 - 1000 MPa. The compression strength defines the ability of a material
to resist a load applied vertically to its surface
Modulus of
Elasticity
70 000 MPa. The modulus of elasticity is either determined from the elastic
elongation of a thin bar, or from bending a bar with a round or rectangular
cross section
Bending
Strength
45 MPa. The bending strength of a material is a measure of its resistance
during deflection. It is determined by bending tests on glass plate using the
double ring method according to DIN EN 1288-5

5. THERMAL PROPERTIES
Transformation
Range
520 - 550°C
Temp &
Softening Temper
ature
Approx. 600°C. Contrary to solid bodies of crystalline structure, glass has
no defined melting point. It continuously transforms from the solid state to
the viscous plastic state. The transition range is called the transformation
range and according to DIN 52324 (ISO 7884), it lies between 520°C and
550°C. Tempering and bending require a temperature of a further 100°C
Specific Heat 0.8 J/g/K The specific heat (in joules) defines the amount of heat required
to raise the temperature of 1g of float glass by 1K. The specific heat of
glass increases slightly the temperature is increased up to the
transformation range
Thermal
Conductivity
0.8W/mK Thermal conductivity determines the amount of heat required to
flow through the cross sectional area of the float glass sample in unit time
at a temperature gradient
Thermal
Expansion
: 9.10-6 K-1 There is a difference in the expansion behavior of a body
under the effect of heat between linear expansion and volumetric
expansion. With solid bodies, the volumetric expansion is three times that
of linear expansion. The temperature coefficient of expansion for float
glass is given according to DIN 52328 and ISO 7991
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Glass has several strong points concerning optical properties:
- It can be produced in large and homogeneous panes
- Its optical properties are not affected by ageing
- It is produced with perfectly flat and parallel surfaces
Refractive index n = 1.52. If light from an optically less dense medium (air) meets an
optically denser medium (glass), then the light ray is split at the surface
interfaces. The measure of deflection determines the refractive index. For
float glass, this refractive index is n=1.52
TECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Chemical Resistance Against
Water =class 3 (DIN 52296)
Acid =class 1 (DIN 12116)
Alkaline =class 2 (DIN 52322 and ISO 695)
The surface of glass is affected if it is exposed for a long time to alkalis (and ammonia
gases in damp air) in conjunction with high temperatures. Float glass will also react to
compounds that contain hydrofluoric acid under normal conditions. These are used for treating
glass surfaces.

6. WEAR TESTS
Abrasion Tests (DIN 52347 and ISO 3537) The scattering of light the transmission of
directed light striking the surface is evaluated
Light Scatter Increase for float glass is approx. 1% (after 1000 abrasion cycles). The
permitted light scatter increase for vehicle safety glass (windshield) is 2%
in Europe (ECE R43) and the USA (ANSI Z 26.1)
Sand Trickling
Process
(DIN 52348 et ISO 7991). For this diagonal impact abrasion test, 3kg of
sand with a 0.5/0.71mm particle size are trickled onto the surface to be
tested, which is inclined at 45 y from a height of 1600mm. Measurement
of wear is the reduced luminous density (according to DIN 4646 part 2)
Reduced
Luminous Density
For float glass is approx. 4cd/m2lux
Micro Scratch
Hardness
For float glass is approx. 0.12N (Mar resistance-test). The test was
originally designed to determine the scratch hardness of plastics. A
diamond point with 50 y cone angle and 15 mm point radius is drawn over
the glass surface by applying different loads. The load at which a scratch
is produced in the surface is a measurement of scratch hardness. This is
not an accurate method; the influence of the tester must not be neglected
PRODUCTION OF GLASS
Melting & Refining:
Fine grained ingredients closely controlled for quality, are mixed to make a batch, which
flows into the furnace, which is heated up to 1500 degree Celsius.
The raw materials that go into the manufacturing of clear float glass are:
 SiO2 – Silica Sand
 Na2O – Sodium Oxide from Soda Ash
 CaO – Calcium oxide from Limestone / Dolomite
 MgO – Dolomite
 Al2O3 – Feldspar
The above raw materials primarily mixed in batch helps to make clear glass. If certain
metal oxides are mixed to this batch they impart colors to the glass giving it a body tint.
For Example
 NiO & CoO – to give grey tinted glasses (Oxides of Nickel & Cobalt)
 SeO – to give Bronze tinted glasses (oxide of Selenium)
 Fe2O3 – To give Green tinted glasses (oxides of iron which at times is also present as
impurity in Silica Sand)
 CoO – To give blue tinted glass (oxides of Cobalt)

7. Apart from the above basic raw material, broken glass aka cullet, is added to the mixture to
the tune of nearly 25% ~ 30% which acts primarily as flux. The flux in a batch helps in reducing
the melting point of the batch thus reducing the energy consumed to carry out the process.
Float Bath:
Glass from the furnace gently flows over the refractory spout on to the mirror-like surface
of molten tin, starting at 1100 deg Celsius and leaving the float bath as solid ribbon at 600 deg
Celsius.
Coating (for making reflective glasses):
Coatings that make profound changes in optical properties can be applied by advanced
high temperature technology to the cooling ribbon of glass. Online Chemical Vapor Deposition
(CVD) is the most significant advance in the float process since it was invented. CVD can be
used to lay down a variety of coatings, a few microns thick, for reflect visible and infra-red
radiance for instance. Multiple coatings can be deposited in the few seconds available as the
glass flows beneath the coater (e.g. Synergy)
Annealing:
Despite the tranquility with which the glass is formed, considerable stresses are
developed in the ribbon as the glass cools. The glass is made to move through the annealing lehr
where such internal stresses are removed, as the glass is cooled gradually, to make the glass more
prone to cutting.

8. Inspection:
To ensure the highest quality inspection takes place at every stage. Occasionally a bubble
that is not removed during refining, a sand grain that refuses to melt or a tremor in the tin puts
ripples in the glass ribbon. Automated online inspection does two things. It reveals process faults
upstream that can be corrected. And it enables computers downstream to steer round the flaws.
Inspection technology now allows 100 million inspections per second to be made across the
ribbon, locating flaws the unaided eye would be unable to see.
Cutting to Order:
Diamond steels trim off selvedge – stressed edges- and cut ribbon to size dictated by the
computer. Glass is finally sold only in square meters.

9. INNOVATIONS/RESEARCHS
“The future is clear. The future is glass. So say the organizers of this year’s Gastec
exhibition in Dusseldorf as preparations continue for the international trade show which will
provide glass processors and finishers, engineers, façade planners and architects with a unique
insight into current sector developments and trends.”
The exhibition will include a nine-metre bridge made entirely of glass, resting on pre-
stressed glass supports with filigree stainless steel cables. This walk-on bridge is part of a current
research project being conducted by the Institute of Building Technology, Construction and
Design at the Technics Universität Dresden (University of Applied Science). It involves
optimizing the interfaces of the glass/stainless steel material combination and developing a
modular support system for various spanning widths.
The newly built headquarters of gin producer Bombay Sapphire, part of the Bacardi
Group, also impressively demonstrates the current possibilities in the area of glass bending and
use of glass in highly complex glass structures.
The project’s riverside centerpiece is two glasshouses, which display the 10 plants known in the
gin industry as ‘botanicals’ that go into Bombay Sapphire gin.
The two highly transparent glass buildings, designed by Thomas Heather wick with
structural engineering by Graham Schofield Associates, are characterized by ultra-light, folded
shell structures using minimalistic steel girders and double-bent glass panels with stabilizing
function. The design sees the glass come down from the upper level of a neighboring building,
fanning out as it goes downwards before landing in the river bed, creating the effect that the glass
has been ‘blown’ out of the building. No two panes of glass are the same size.

10. Glass is also playing a key role in the development of intelligent building shells. Rapidly
advancing technology is enabling modern heat insulation and solar protection glass along with
switchable glazing to be installed in building shells very efficiently and with the highest aesthetic
standards.
An example of this is the ‘seele iconic skin’ modular structured glass façade, a brand-new
development by German company seele, a specialist in glass façades. The external and internal
surfaces of the seele iconic skin appear to be completely homogenous, without any visible
transoms or pillars, lateral supports or mountings and fastenings.
The double-skin structure with integrated profiles is fitted with a patented, self-
conditioning pressure compensation system, which ensures passive ventilation through
interaction with the external climate. The new glass sandwich element façade offers excellent
heat and sound insulation and enables the integration of sun protection elements
Josef Gartner GmbH has also developed a different type of functional, standalone façade.
Known as CCF-Façade, it features an integrated cavity between the glass elements. The space
between the inside and outside skin is completely enclosed. In order to avoid condensation on the
façade, dry, clean air is continuously fed in, reducing the energy consumption of the façade.

11. In terms of facades and energy, Building Integrated Photovoltaic continues to be a hot
new technology shaping the future but perhaps more intriguing is the recent development of the
bio-reactive façade (algae façade) which sees micro-algae grown in the space between panes
exposed to sunlight. The algae's by-products, biomass and biogas are used to produce electricity.
The individual design of glass products is a key component in the glass boom in both
building shells and interior design. Today, the latest silk screen technology, digital printing and
film laminates enable the realisation of glass designs which were perceived as impossible for a
long time.
Ceramic digital printing, for example, offers the advantage of fast and cost-effective
reproducibility of designs, making the process attractive for individual façade design. Laser
technology, meanwhile, enables highly efficient and extremely precise glass surfaces to be
individually designed, and the concentrated light beam can be used for engraving three-
dimensional structures and motifs in the glass interior.

12. New technology is also enabling glass design to integrate light sources. Possible
applications extend from illuminated glass shelves, tables and walls up to the large-format media
façade with colorful moving images. In combination with glass-integrated fabrics or special
films, the innovative light sources can also be used to produce highly attractive 3D effects.

13. REFERENCES
Introduction
 By: Merriam-Webster Dictionary
History & Background
 "Glassmaking may have begun in Egypt, not Mesopotamia ArtifactsfromIraq site show less
sophisticated technique, colorpalette". 2016-11-22. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
 "Glass Online: The History of Glass". Archived from the original on April 15, 2011.
Retrieved 2007-10-29.
 Gowlett, J.A.J. (1997). High Definition Archaeology: Threads through the Past.
Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18429-0.
Properties
 Glass-Coaster (Devid Broad)
 Saint-gobain-sekurit
Production
 www.aisglass.com
Research
 Justin McGar (Industry Journalist)