Hemostasis Physiology and Clinical correlations by Dr Faiza.pdf
Hodgkin Lymphoma Symptoms, Stages, Treatment
1. Dr. (Major) Jahangir Alam
MBBS, DCH, FCPS
Classified child specialist
CMH Dhaka, Bangladesh.
2. Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is characterized by
progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes.
It is considered unicentric in origin and has a
predictable pattern of spread by extension to
contiguous nodes.
3. Etiology is unknown.
worldwide incidence of HL is approximately
2-4 new cases/100,000 population/yr
HL accounts for approximately 5% of cancers
in persons 14 yr of age or younger;
it accounts for approximately 15% of cancers
in adolescents (15-19 yr of age)
Ref: Nelson textbook of Pediatrics 20th ed.
paediatric hematology- philip Lanzkowsky 5th ed
4. EBV (mixed cellularity subtype)
Family history of HL
Low socioeconomic status
5. Reed-sternberg (RS) cell is the hallmark of
Hodgkin lymphoma.
It is a large cell (15-45 µm) with multiple or
multilobulated nuclei.
It is neoplastic clone cell originating from B
lymphocyte in lymphnode germinal centers.
It can’t synthesize immunoglobulin due to
dysregulation of nuclear of nuclear factor
kappa B (NFĸB).
6.
7.
8. Lymphadenopathy ( 90% cases)
◦ Usually painless
◦ Cervical LN/ supraclavicular LN are involved in 60-
80%
◦ Discrete, elastic/rubbery, nontender
◦ Spreads mostly by contiguity from one chain to
another
9. Mediastinal adenopathy (60%):
◦ 20% of patient have bulky mediastinal disease.
◦ Persistent nonproductive cough
◦ Superior vena caval symptoms
Enlargement of neck vessels
Hoarseness of voice
Dyspnoea
Dysphagia
10. Splenomegaly
Systemic symptoms:
◦ Pel-Ebstein fever
◦ Weight loss >10% in 6 months
◦ Drenching night sweats
◦ Mild itching may be present in 15-25% of cases but
it is not considered as B symptoms
B symptoms
11. Other less common manifestations are
◦ Pulmonary manifestation (17%)
◦ Neurological manifestation (late presentation)
◦ Bone disease(2%)
◦ Bone marrow infiltration(5%)
◦ Liver disease (2%)
◦ Renal manifestation
12. Haematological manifestation:
◦ Anemia
◦ Neutropenia(50%)
◦ Lymphocytopenia-Due to hypersplenism or BM
infiltration
◦ Eosinophilia (50%) – due to IL-5 production
◦ In advance stage DAT test frequently positive with
hemolysis
◦ Immune thrombocytopenia may be present in 1-2%
cases
13. Note:
Can be further subclassified as
A catagories- Asypmtomatic
B catagories- presence of B symptoms
14. 1) CBC: Normocytic normochromic anemia
Neutrophilia in 50% cases
Eosinophilia in 50% cases
Lymphocytopenia
ESR: raiesd
2) S. ferritin: raised
3) CXR: both PA & Lateral view
Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
4) Lymphnode biopsy:
Presence of RS cell with diffuse infiltration of
lymphocyte,histiocyte and many eosinophil &
plasma cell
16. For staging:
1) CT scan of neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis
2) Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
3) Technitium-99 bone scintography
For classification:
1) Immunohistochemistry
17. 1) Liver function test
2) Renal function test
3) S. electrolyte
4) S. uric acid
5) S. inorganic PO4
6) S. calcium
7) DAT
18. In general
◦ Combined Chemotherapy
◦ Low dose involved field radiation
Intensity of chemotherapy & volume of
radiation depends on
◦ Presence of B symptoms
◦ Initial disease staging
◦ Presence of bulky disease
Considered
Standard
therapy
21. Most relapse occurs in 1st 3year after
diagnosis, but relapse after 10 year have
been reported.
Treatment of relapse
Nature of relapse treatment
Relapse with
favorable at diagnosis
Chemotherapy + LD-IFRT
Relapse with high risk
disease
Chemotherapy +
Autologous HSCT
Relapse with in 12
month of diagnosis
Chemotherapy +
Autologous HSCT
+ radiotherapy
22. With the use of current therapeutic regimens,
With dose intense chemotherapy OS has
approached to 100%
Disease stage event-free
survival
(EFS)
Overall
survival (OS)
Early-stage disease +
favorable prognostic
factors
85-90% >95%
Advanced-stage
disease
80-85% 90%
23. Advanced stage of disease (Stage IIB, IIIB, or IV)
The presence of B symptoms
The presence of bulky disease
Extranodal extension (liver)
Male sex
Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
White blood cell count 11,500/mm3 or higher
Hemoglobin less than 11.0 g/dl
Histology : classical HL
Initially not respond to chemotherapy
25. During therapy
◦ Physical exam (LN, Liver, spleen)
◦ Lab: CBC, ESR, LFT
◦ Imaging : CT scan, PET
◦ Organ toxicity monitoring: cardiac function test,
Pulmonary function test
Disease monitoring after treatment: by CXR,
CT scan
Long term sequelae monitoring: life long