1. Drugs Affecting Coagulation;
Bleeding & Thrombosis
By:- Dr. Manish Pal Singh,
Associate Professor
1
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
2. Some Important Terminologyâs:
â Haemostasis - Limiting blood loss consequent to bleeding.
â Thrombus - A clot that âadheresâ to a vessel wall.
â Embolus - Intravascular clot that âfloatsâ in blood.
â âDetachedâ thrombus â Embolus.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
2Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fslideplayer.com
3. Blood coagulation
⢠Blood coagulation involve complex interactions between the injured vessel wall;
platelets & coagulation factors.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
3Source*- https%3A%2F%2Falevelbiology.co.uk
PROTHROMBINASE*
4. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
4Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com
5. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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Two In- vitro Tests for Coagulation Efficacy of Blood System
6. Coagulants:
â These are agents which promote coagulation and are indication in haemorrhagic
states.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Note*- Vitamin K2- (Produced by bacteria)- Menaquinones
Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com
7. VITAMIN K:
â In our body system it is fat soluble vitamin, required for synthesized of clotting
factors.
â âDamâ (1929)- first describe that bleeding disorder in chicken by feeding
deficient diet.
â A similar vitamin was isolated (1939)- from âAlfalfa Grassâ & labelled Vit. K1;
while that sea fish (sardine meal) was labelled k2
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.123rf.com%2Fphoto_83348596_chemical-
formula-of-vitamin-k-and-some-pills-close-up-
8. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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Vit. K-
Naphthoquinone
Source-
green leaf,
spinach,
liver etc.
3-10 Âľg/day
Total req.
adult- 50-
100Âľg/day
9. ⢠Vit. K acts as a cofactor at a late stage in the synthesis by liver of coagulation
proteins- (Prothrombin; VII; IX & X).
⢠Fat soluble form absorb by intestine via lymph & water soluble directly absorb
via portal blood.
⢠Deficiency of it founds in liver diseases like â jaundice ; superinfection by
antimicrobial uses.
⢠Market preparations are:-
⢠Phytonadinone â KENADIONâ i.m injection (10 mg/ml)
⢠Menadione â GYNAEâ
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unitedpharmacies.md%2FKenadion-Phytomenadione.
10. â Indications of Vitamin K:-
â Dietary deficiency
â Prolong antimicrobial use
â Malabsorption
â Liver disorders â Viral hepatitis
â Newborns (due to low level of Prothrombin)
â Overdose of oral anti-coagulants (Hypo-prothrombinaemia).
â Toxicity:-
â Rapid i.v. injection produces- flushing, sense of constriction in the chest
â Fall in BP
â Menadione can cause- haemolysis ( Patients with G-6-PD deficiency and neonates)
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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11. Anti-Coagulants
â Drugs that impede blood coagulation and prevent the occurrence or expansion
of a thrombus.
â These are drugs to reduce the coagulability of blood.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.formularywatch.com%2Ffda-approval%2Fblockbuster-anticoagulant-
12. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acrosspg.com%2Fnotes%2Fpharmacology%2Fclassification-of-anticoagulants%2F&psig
13. Heparin:
â âMcLeanâ- 1916- was discovered that liver contain powerful anticoagulant.
â Heparin its name due to found in âLiverâ.
â Mainly it is present in all tissues containing âMast cellsâ- (Lungs are the richest
source).
â Heparin used both in-vivo & in-vitro.
â Anti-thrombin III - Irreversibly inactivates thrombin & factor Xa
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Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiamart.com%2Fproddetail%2Fheparin-sodium-injection
14. ⢠The heparin â ATIII- complex then binds to clotting factors of the intrinsic &
common pathways (Xa; IIa; IXa; Xia; XIIa & XIIIa) but not extrinsic system.
⢠Low concentration of heparin prolong aPTT without significantly prolonging PT;
high concentration prolong both.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Source*-http%3A%2F%2Fread.nxtbook.com%2Fmedreviews%2Freviewscardiovascularmedicin
15. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nejm.org
16. ⢠Injection of heparin clears turbid post-prandil lipaemic- by releasing a
âLipoprotein-lipaseâfrom the vessel wall & tissue (LIPAEMIA CLEARING).
⢠Heparin is a highly ionized molecule; not absorbed orally; i.v. injection prefer.
⢠But recent trials oral heparin in under âPhase-IIIâ- trial (SNAC-Heparin).
⢠Doses of heparin i,.v. (5,000-10,000 U; {Children 50-100 U/Kg).
⢠ADRâs:-
⢠Bleeding due to over dose.
⢠Haematuria
⢠Thrombocytopenia
⢠Transient Alopecia
⢠Osteoporosis
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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17. Low molecular weight heparins (LMWH):-
â Can be administered s.c.
â Effects are consistent & dosing less frequent (Long t1/2 & elimin. By 1st
order kinetics)
â Do not prolong aPTT & CT (Response is predictable & monitoring not
required)
â Dose is given in mg (not in units) can be easily calculated on body weight
basis
â Chance of haemorrhage chance is less
â Risk of osteoporosis is decreased
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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18. Heparin Antagonist:- (Protamine Sulfate);
⢠Its low molecular weight protein obtained from the sperm of certain fish.
⢠Dose required 1 mg is needed for every 100 U of heparin.
⢠Indicated in the treatment of heparin induce bleeding
⢠Protamine is more commonly used when heparin action needs to be terminated rapidly;- Ex-
After cardiac or vascular surgery.
⢠Brand- âPROTAâ- 50 mg in 5 ml inj.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omnia-health.com%2Fproduct%2Fprotamine-sulphate-injection-50mg5ml&psig
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Heparinoids :-
⪠Heparan Sulfate- found on cell
surface.
âŞDanaparoid- Obtained from pig gut
mucosa (used in heparin induced
thrombocytopenia).
âŞLeprirudin-recombinant preparation
of hirudin acts by inhibiting thrombin
directly
Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fsg.carousell.com%2Fp%2Fhirudoid-heparinoid-cream-
20. Oral Anti- Coagulants:
â Warfarin- was initially used as rat poison; it is now commonly employed oral
anticoagulant drug.
â Warfarin and its congeners acts as anti-coagulants only in vivo, not in vitro.
â They act as competitive antagonists of vit. K & reduce the plasma levels of
functional clotting factors.
â Competitively inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase & inhibits the
posttranslational carboxylation of glutamate residues on vitamin K dependent
coagulation factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, and X.
â The carboxylation is essential for the ability of the clotting factors to bind Ca++
& to get bound to phospholipid surfaces- necessary for coagulation.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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21. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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21Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org
22. â Recemic Warfarin sod.- the commercial preparation of warfarin is a mixture of
R (dextrorotatory) & S (levorotatory) enantiomers.
â The S form more potent than the R form.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Source*- http%3A%2F%2F119.9.73.171%2FUniwarfin-Warfarin-p-6349.
23. ADRâs:-
⪠Bleeding ( hematuria)
⪠Treatment (specific antidote- Vit. K1).
⪠Contraindications in- Pregnancy; in early pregnancy cause birth defects (Skeletal
abnormalities).
⪠Foetal Warfarin Syndrome- Hypoplasia of nose, eye socket, hand bones & growth retardations.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Drug Interactions:-
Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmaj.ca%2Fcontent
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Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net
25. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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⢠Haemodialysis⢠Cerebrovascular
disease
⢠Unstable angina⢠Myocardial infarction
26. Fibrinolytics (Thrombolytics)
â These are drugs used to dissolve (lyse) clot (thrombi) to clear a occluded blood
vessels (CAD).
â In body system the enzyme âPlasminogen activator (t-PA), act as fibrinolytic
produced by vascular endothelium.
⪠Urokinase
⪠Streptokinase
⪠Anistreplase
⪠Alteplase
⪠Reteplase
⪠Tenecteplase
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Clinically
Fibrinolytics
27. Mechanism of action:
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Source*- http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pharmacy180.com%2Farticle%2Ffibrinolytics-(thrombolytics)
28. ⢠Streptokinase- It is obtained from- âStreptococciâ group C. Antigenic- cause
hypersensitivity reactions.
⢠Urokinase- It is an enzyme isolated from human urine; now prepared from
cultured human kidney cells. Fever during treatment.
⢠Alteplase- rt-PA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) produced by
recombinant DNA technology from human tissue culture.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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29. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
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Uses of Fibrinolytics
Acute
myocardial
infarction
Deep vein
thrombosis
Pulmonary
embolism
Peripheral
arterial
occlusion
Stroke
30. Anti-Platelet Drugs
â These are drugs which interfere with platelet function and are useful in the prophylaxis of
thromboembolic disorders.
â Platelets express several glycoprotein on their surface.
â They are exposed when there is damage to vascular endothelium & interact with platelet receptor
protein.
AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
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Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quora.com%2FWhat-is-the-function-of-the-blood-platelets
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Source*- https%3A%2F%2Fthoracickey.com%2Fantiplatelet-therapy
32. AGRA PUBLIC PHARMACY COLLEGE,
ARTONI, AGRA, UP, INDIA
32Source*-https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FFig-1-