The document discusses the key parts and classifications of internal combustion engines. It describes the major components of an engine like the cylinder block, cylinder head, pistons, crankshaft and camshaft. It then covers the different types of cylinder arrangements found in engines like inline, V-shaped, opposed, radial and rotary configurations. The document also discusses the different classifications of engines based on aspects like the number of strokes, type of fuel or ignition used, firing order, cooling method and valve train layout.

1. ENGINE CONSTRUCTION
AND CLASSIFICATION

2. ENGINE PARTS
 Cylinder block
 Cylinder head
 Crank case
 Piston
 Piston rings
 Gudgeon pin
 Intake and exhaust valve
 Camshaft
 Crankshaft
 Timing gears

3. CYLINDER BLOCK
 Cast iron
 Aluminum alloy
Water jacket

4. CYLINDER BLOCK

5. LINER
 Cast steel
 Cast iron
 Press fit

6. CYLINDER HEAD
 Aluminum alloy
 Cast iron
 (combustion chamber)hemisphere

7. CYLINDER HEAD

8. VALVE OR TAPPET CLEARANCE
Spring retainer

9. CRANK CASE
 Cast iron
 Cast steel

10. CRANK CASE

11. CRANK CASE

12. PISTON
 Aluminum alloy
 Cast iron
 Gudgeon pin
 Forged steel
 Case hardened steel

13. PISTON RINGS
 Cast iron
 Pressed steel alloy
 Compression ring
 Oil ring

14. CRANK SHAFT
 Forged steel
 Cast steel

15. CAM SHAFT
 Forged steel
 Cast iron and cast steel
 Push rod
• Forged steel
• High speed (X)

16. CAMSHAFT

17. SOHC AND DOHC
 Forged steel
 Cast iron and cast steel

18. CONNECTING ROD
 Forged steel
 Aluminum alloy

19. CONTD.

20. VALVES
 Forged steel
 Cast alloy
 Opening Camshaft
 Closing spring

21. DESMODROMIC VALVE OPERATION
 Used by Ducati

22. GEAR TIMING
 Timing belt drive
 Timing gear drive
 Timing chain drive

23. BELT TIMING

24. FLYWHEEL
 Cast iron

25. ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
 No of strokes per cycle(Two
or Four)
 Type of fuel burned
 Method of ignition
 Firing order
 Reciprocating or rotary
 No of cylinders
 Arrangement of cylinders
 Arrangement of valves and
valve trains
 Type of cooling

26. POSITION ARRANGEMENT &
NUMBER OF CYLINDERS
 Single Cylinder
 Inline Cylinders
 V Engine
 ‰Opposed Cylinder Engine
 ‰W Engine
 ‰Opposed Piston Engine
 ‰Radial Engine

27. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS

28. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
Single cylinder:
Engine has one cylinder and piston connected to the crankshaft.
‰In-Line:
Cylinders are positioned in a straight line, one behind the other
along the length of the crankshaft. Number of
cylinders may vary from 2 to 11 or even more. In-
line four-cylinder engines are very common for
automobiles. In-line engines are also referred to as
straight such as straight six or straight eight

30. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
V Engine:
Two banks of cylinders at an angle with each other along a single crankshaft.
The angle between the banks of cylinders is usually within 60-90. V engines
have even numbers of cylinders ranging from 2 to 20 or more. V6 and V8
are the common engines with six and eight cylinders respectively.
Opposed Cylinder Engine:
Two banks of cylinders opposite to each other on a single crankshaft. These
are mostly used in small aircraft and some automobiles with an even number
of cylinders from two to eight or more. These engines are also called flat
engines such as flat four.

32. Boxer engine

33. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
W Engine:
Similar to that of V engine except with three banks of cylinders on the
same crankshaft. This type of arrangement has been used in some
racing cars.
Opposed Piston Engine:
Two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion chamber located
centrally between the pistons. A single-combustion process causes
two power strokes at the same time, with each piston being pushed
away from the center and delivering power to a separate crankshaft
at each end of the cylinder Engine output is either on two rotating
crankshafts or on one crankshaft incorporating a complex
mechanic linkage.

34. ARRANGEMENT OF CYLINDERS
Radial Engine:
Engine with pistons positioned in a circular plane around the central
crankshaft. The connecting rods of the pistons are connected to
the crankshaft through a master rod. A bank of cylinders on a
radial engine always has an odd number of cylinders ranging from
3 to 13 or more Many medium-and large-size propeller-driven
aircraft use radial engines. For large aircraft, two or more banks
of cylinders are mounted together, one behind the other on a
single crankshaft, making a powerful and smooth engine.

36. THREE CYLINDER ENGINE

37. FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(INLINE)
4 cylinder in line.mp4

38. FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(V TYPE)
4 cylinder v type.mp4

39. FOUR CYLINDER ENGINE(OPPOSED)
• Balancing
• Less inertia
• Subaru
• Aerodynami
c drag

40. FIVE CYLINDER ENGINE(INLINE)
5 cylinder.mp4

41. SIX CYLINDER ENGINE

42. 8 CYLINDER ENGINE(V TYPE)
8 cylinder.mp4

43. W TYPE

44. RADIAL TYPE

45. ROTARY(WANKEL TYPE)

46. ROTARY(WANKEL TYPE)

47. Mazda RX7 and RX8 Rotary engnie

48. VALVE LOCATIONS
 ‰
Valves in head (overhead valve), also called I-head engine
.
‰
Valves in block (flat head), also called L-head engine. Some historic
engines with valves in block had the intake valve on one side of the
cylinder, and the exhaust valve on the other side. These were called T-
head engines.
‰
One valve in head (usually intake) and one in
block, also called F-head engine
.

49. VALVE LOCATIONS

51. VALVE TRAINS
Times the opening and closing of the cylinder valves
Ensures opening and closing is kept in sync

52. TYPES OF VALVE TRAINS

53. TYPE OF COOLING
Air Cooled‰
Liquid Cooled/Water Cooled

54. NO OF STROKES
‰
Four Stroke Cycle Experiences 4 strokes
of the Piston movements over 2 revolutions
of the crankshaft
‰
Two Stroke Cycle Experiences 2 strokes
of the Piston movements over 1 revolution
of the crankshaft

55. FUEL USED
Using volatile fuels like gasoline, alcohol, kerosene ‰
Using gaseous fuels like natural gas, biogas
‰
Using viscous fuels like diesel
‰
Using dual fuel
methanol (suction stroke) + diesel (comp. stroke) –CI
Engine
–gasoline + alcohol (gasohol)

56. METHOD OF IGNITION
Spark Ignition:
An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle
by use of a spark plug. In early engine development,
before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms
of torch of torch holes were used to
initiate combustion form an external flame.
‰
Compression Ignition:
The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the
air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to high temperature in
the combustion chamber caused by high compression
 .

57. FIRING ORDER
Firing order 1 3 4 2
4 cylinder in line.mp4